The Effect of Suffusion Phenomenon in the Increasing of Land Subsidence Rate
Abstract
Land subsidence is defined as gradually ground surface settlement in an aquifer due to the compaction of unconsolidated sedimentary deposits. Since in an aquifer, deposits consist of cohesive or non-cohesive alluvial soil layers. The consolidation theory cannot be explained as the only reason for land subsidence. According to the susceptibility of alluvial soils to suffusion, internal erosion is also considerable to enhance the rate of the local settlement. Suffusion is explained as a process of soil particle movement in the soil body due to the effect of seepage flow on it. The subsidence rate in southwest and south of Tehran in Iran is very considerable whereby some structures have suffered significant damages due to this phenomenon. In this research, the contribution of suffusion and land subsidence was investigated in damaged building located at Ghale Morghi Street in southwest of Tehran, as a case history. Because of the incapability of available methods, in this article, a probability pattern is also proposed using statistical analysis for determination the likelihood of internal instability in alluvial soils in regard to soil cohesiveness.
Keywords
References
Miyabe, Naomi. "Directions of research on land subsidence." Land subsidence/affaissement du sol 88 (1970): 89.
Chaussard, Estelle, Shimon Wdowinski, Enrique Cabral-Cano, and Falk Amelung. "Land subsidence in central Mexico detected by ALOS InSAR time-series." Remote sensing of environment 140 (2014): 94-106.
Osmanoğlu, Batuhan, Timothy H. Dixon, Shimon Wdowinski, Enrique Cabral-Cano, and Yan Jiang. "Mexico City subsidence observed with persistent scatterer InSAR." International Journal of Applied Earth Observation and Geoinformation 13, no. 1 (2011): 1-12.
Xue, Yu-Qun, Yun Zhang, Shu-Jun Ye, Ji-Chun Wu, and Qin-Fen Li. "Land subsidence in China." Environmental geology 48, no. 6 (2005): 713-720.
Teatini, P., L. Tosi, T. Strozzi, L. Carbognin, G. Cecconi, R. Rosselli, and S. Libardo. "Resolving land subsidence within the Venice Lagoon by persistent scatterer SAR interferometry." Physics and Chemistry of the Earth, Parts A/B/C 40 (2012): 72-79.
Ghorban beige, S., and Naji Hamodi, J. Land subsidence in Tehran district, Iran. In Proceeding of 6th International Conference on Case Histories in Geotechnical Engineering, (2008).
Engineers, US Army. "Filter Experiments and Design Criteria." Waterways Experiment Station, Vickburg, Miss, Technical Memorandum 3-360 (1953): 52.
Istomina, V. S. "Filtration stability of soils." Gostroizdat, Moscow, Leningrad 15 (1957).
Patrašev, A. N. "Motedika podbora granulometričeskogo sostava obratnych fil'trov." Sbornik trudov Lengiprorečtransa (1957).
Ziems, Jürgen. "Beitrag zur Kontakterosion nichtbindiger Erdstoffe." PhD diss., 1969.
Kenney, T. C., and D. Lau. "Internal stability of granular filters." Canadian geotechnical journal 22, no. 2 (1985): 215-225.
Kenney, T. C., and D. Lau. "Internal stability of granular filters: Reply." Canadian Geotechnical Journal 23, no. 3 (1986): 420-423.
Burenkova, V. V. "Assessment of suffusion in non-cohesive and graded soils." Filters in geotechnical and hydraulic engineering. Balkema, Rotterdam (1993): 357-360.
Wan, Chi Fai, and Robin Fell. "Investigation of rate of erosion of soils in embankment dams." Journal of geotechnical and geoenvironmental engineering 130, no. 4 (2004): 373-380.
Wan, Chi Fai, and Robin Fell. Experimental investigation of internal instability of soils in embankment dams and their foundations. University of New South Wales, School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, 2004.
Li, Maoxin, and R. Jonathan Fannin. "Comparison of two criteria for internal stability of granular soil." Canadian Geotechnical Journal 45, no. 9 (2008): 1303-1309.
Motagh, Mahdi, Thomas R. Walter, Mohammad Ali Sharifi, Eric Fielding, Andreas Schenk, Jan Anderssohn, and Jochen Zschau. "Land subsidence in Iran caused by widespread water reservoir overexploitation." Geophysical Research Letters 35, no. 16 (2008).
Ghanbari, A. “Investigation of soil elasticity module in the alluvial soil of south of Tehran.” Journal of Geology Science, 17: 3-7. (2009).
Mitchell, James Kenneth, and Kenichi Soga. "Fundamentals of soil behavior." (2005).
Ebadati, N. “Environmental Effects of Underground Water Table Reduction in Tehran City (Iran).” Journal of Environmental Monitoring and Protection. No. 6 (2015): 94-102.
Tehran Disaster Mitigation and Management Organization, http://tdmmo.tehran.ir/Default.aspx?tabid=107.
Pirouzi, A., Eslami, A., Kharaghani, S.,and TavousiTafreshi, Sh. “Analytical and experimental study of land subsidence in south western area of Tehran.” Vitae Revista de la Facultad de Quimica Farmaceutica, ISSN 0121-4004 21, no. 1 (2014).: 233–254.
Ke, L., and Takahashi, A. “Strength reduction of gap-graded cohesionless soil due to internal erosion-unsaturated soils: theory and practice.” University of Kasetsart, Thailand, ISBN: 978–616–7522–77–7. (2011).
Richards, K. S., and Krishna R. Reddy. "Experimental investigation of initiation of backward erosion piping in soils." Géotechnique 62, no. 10 (2012): 933-942.
Nguyen, Hong Hai, Didier Marot, and Fateh Bendahmane. "Erodibility characterisation for suffusion process in cohesive soil by two types of hydraulic loading." La Houille Blanche 6 (2012): 54-60.
Terzariol, R. E., R. J. Rocca, and M. E. Zeballos. "Suffusion in compacted loessial silts. Interaction with granular filters." In Proceedings of the 18th International Conference on Soil Mechanics and Geotechnical Engineering, Paris 2013. 2013.
Wojtasik, Dariusz. "Evaluation of nonwoven geotextile as a filtration layer for internally unstable soils." Annals of Warsaw University of Life Sciences-SGGW. Land Reclamation 40 (2008): 107-114.
Chen, Rong-Her, Chia-Chun Ho, and Wen-Bin Chung. "The filtration mechanism and micro-observation of soil-geotextile systems under cyclic flows." Journal of GeoEngineering 3, no. 3 (2008): 101-112.
Sun, B. C. "Internal Stability of Clayey to Silty Sands (Ph. D. thesis)." University of Michigan, USA (1989).
Shwiyhat, Nathan, and Ming Xiao. "Effect of suffusion on mechanical characteristics of sand." In Scour and Erosion, pp. 378-386. ASCE, 2010.
Moffat, Ricardo, and R. Jonathan Fannin. "A hydromechanical relation governing internal stability of cohesionless soil." Canadian Geotechnical Journal 48, no. 3 (2011): 413-424.
Chegenizadeh, Amin, and Hamid Nikraz. "Experimental Approach to Suffusion and Backward Erosion." Electronic Journal of Geotechnical Engineering 18 (2013): 533–542.
Rahimi, H., Davarzani, H., and Abassi, N. “Physical dispersion in non-cohesive soil and its assessment factors.” Iranian Journal of Agriculture Sciences. 55(3) (2004): 541–550.
Walker, Strother H., and David B. Duncan. "Estimation of the probability of an event as a function of several independent variables." Biometrika 54, no. 1-2 (1967): 167-179.
Najafi, E. Khaksar, and A. Eslami. "Assessment of the likelihood of suffusion in alluvial soils: case history." Bulletin of Engineering Geology and the Environment 74, no. 2 (2015): 611-620.
DOI: 10.28991/cej-2016-00000036
Refbacks
- There are currently no refbacks.
Copyright (c) 2016 Elmira Khaksar Najafi, Hadi Faghihmaleki
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
