Synthetic Grey Water Treatment Through FeCl3-Activated Carbon Obtained from Cotton Stalks and River Sand
Vol. 5 No. 2 (2019): February
Research Articles
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The research objective was to reclaim greywater through simple, easily available, and cost-effective methods. For this purpose, an activated charcoal was prepared from biomass (cotton stalk) through the pyrolysis process and sand collected from river Indus. Both materials were subjected to separate columns and applied as filters. Whereas, the efficiency of both materials as filter media was analyzed on the synthetic grey water (SGW). The formulation of synthetic greywater was a complicated process because the selection of ingredients and their amount should not exceed from the real grey water. So, for the presence of fecal contamination, a small amount (10 ml L-1) of settled sewage was added to the distilled water, while to mimic the organic load, several chemical products of technical grade were also added. The physicochemical and microbiological characteristics of this SGW were tested before and after treatment. The results show that both mediums (AC and river sand) were very effective in the greywater treatment. The removal efficiency for BOD and COD was up to 91.2%, and 70% respectively. Similarly, the removal measure for turbidity was 91.3%. While the pH showed that the synthetic grey water was alkaline in nature with a value of 10 because the washing detergents used during the preparation of SGW, but after passing through both filter columns, pH was observed in between 7 and 8 units. Furthermore, the removal value examined after passing SGW from both columns for total coliforms was 46.87 CFU/100 ml from1500 CFU/100 ml.
Pirzada, M. J., Memon, S. A., Bheel, N. D., Ali, F., Gabol, N. A., & Abro, A. W. (2019). Synthetic Grey Water Treatment Through FeCl3-Activated Carbon Obtained from Cotton Stalks and River Sand. Civil Engineering Journal, 5(2), 340–348. https://doi.org/10.28991/cej-2019-03091249
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[2] Yakout SM, Sharaf El-Deen G. "Characterization of activated carbon prepared by phosphoric acid activation of olive stones.” Arabian Journal of Chemistry 9 (Nov 2016): S1155-S1162. doi:10.1016/j.arabjc.2011.12.002.
[3] Oliveira, Luiz C.A., Elaine Pereira, Iara R. Guimaraes, Andrea Vallone, Márcio Pereira, Joí£o P. Mesquita, and Karim Sapag. "Preparation of Activated Carbons from Coffee Husks Utilizing FeCl3 and ZnCl2 as Activating Agents.” Journal of Hazardous Materials 165, no. 1–3 (June 15, 2009): 87–94. doi:10.1016/j.jhazmat.2008.09.064.
[4] Sadh PK, Duhan S, Duhan JS. "Agro-industrial wastes and their utilization using solid state fermentation: a review.” Bioresources and Bioprocessing 5, no. 1 (Jan 2018). doi: 10.1186/s40643-017-0187-z.
[5] Raheem, Abdur, Mohammad Yusri Hassan, and Rabia Shakoor. "Bioenergy from Anaerobic Digestion in Pakistan: Potential, Development and Prospects.” Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 59 (June 2016): 264–275. doi:10.1016/j.rser.2016.01.010.
[6] Hijnen, W.A.M., G.M.H. Suylen, J.A. Bahlman, A. Brouwer-Hanzens, and G.J. Medema. "GAC Adsorption Filters as Barriers for Viruses, Bacteria and Protozoan (oo)cysts in Water Treatment.” Water Research 44, no. 4 (February 2010): 1224–1234. doi:10.1016/j.watres.2009.10.011.
[7] Saeed, M.A., Irshad, A., Sattar, H., Andrews, G.E., Phylaktou, H.N. and Gibbs, B.M."Agricultural waste biomass energy potential in Pakistan. In Proceedings of the International Conference held in Shanghai, PR China. Leed"s 2015, October.
[8] Guchi, Ephrem. "Review on slow sand filtration in removing microbial contamination and particles from drinking water." American Journal of Food and Nutrition 3.2 (2015): 47-55.
[9] Umesh, Dobariya, P Sarsavadiya, Krishna Vaja, and Khardiwar Mahadeo. "Physiochemical Properties of Cotton Stalk Biomass from Aricultural Residues.” Current World Environment 10, no. 1 (April 30, 2015): 343–349. doi:10.12944/cwe.10.1.44.
[10] Fountoulakis, M.S., N. Markakis, I. Petousi, and T. Manios. "Single House on-Site Grey Water Treatment Using a Submerged Membrane Bioreactor for Toilet Flushing.” Science of The Total Environment 551–552 (May 2016): 706–711. doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2016.02.057.
[11] Grant, Gary. "The Water Sensitive City” (April 1, 2016), John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. doi:10.1002/9781118897652.
[12] Nazim, Fazna. "Treatment of Synthetic Greywater Using 5% and 10% Garbage Enzyme Solution.” Bonfring International Journal of Industrial Engineering and Management Science 3, no. 4 (December 30, 2013): 111–117. doi:10.9756/bijiems.4733.
[13] Ramona, Guy, Michal Green, Raphael Semiat, and Carlos Dosoretz. "Low Strength Graywater Characterization and Treatmentby Direct Membrane Filtration.” Desalination 170, no. 3 (November 2004): 241–250. doi:10.1016/j.desal.2004.02.100.
[14] Pathan, Ashfaq Ahmed, Rasool Bux Mahar, and Kamran Ansari. "Preliminary study of greywater treatment through rotating biological contactor." Mehran University Research Journal of Engineering & Technology 30, no. 3 (2011): 531-538.
[15] Lazarova, V., S. Hills, and R. Birks. "Using Recycled Water for Non-Potable, Urban Uses: a Review with Particular Reference to Toilet Flushing.” Water Science and Technology: Water Supply 3, no. 4 (August 2003): 69–77. doi:10.2166/ws.2003.0047.
[16] Coleman, James M., Oscar K. Huh, and DeWitt Braud. "Wetland Loss in World Deltas.” Journal of Coastal Research 1 (January 2008): 1–14. doi:10.2112/05-0607.1.
[17] Balasubramaniam, T., and G.S. Thirugnanam. "An Experimental Investigation on the Mechanical Properties of Bottom Ash Concrete.” Indian Journal of Science and Technology 8, no. 10 (May 27, 2015): 992. doi:10.17485/ijst/2015/v8i10/54307.
[18] Test Method for Particle Size Distribution of Granular Activated Carbon. ASTM International. doi:10.1520/d2862-97r09e01.
[19] Kandhar, Imdad Ali, Ghous Bux Khaskheli, Abdul Razaque Sahito, and Rasool Bux Mahar. "Assessing the Removal of Turbidity and Coliform Transport through Canal-Bed Sediment at Lab-Scale: Column Experiments.” Mehran University Research Journal of Engineering and Technology 36, no. 4 (October 1, 2017): 995–1008. doi:10.22581/muet1982.1704.24.
[20] Hourlier, Fanny, Anthony Masse, Pascal Jaouen, Abdel Lakel, Claire Gerente, Catherine Faur, and Pierre Le Cloirec. "Formulation of Synthetic Greywater as an Evaluation Tool for Wastewater Recycling Technologies.” Environmental Technology 31, no. 2 (February 2010): 215–223. doi:10.1080/09593330903431547.
[21] Al-Mughalles, Mohammed Hasan, Rakmi Abdul Rahman, Fatihah Binti Suja, Mastura Mahmud, and Sharifah Mastura Syed Abdullah. "Greywater treatment using GAC biofilm reactor and sand filter system." Australian Journal of Basic and Applied Sciences 6, no. 3 (2012): 283-292.
[22] Shegokar, Vijaya V., Dilip S. Ramteke, and Pravin U. Meshram. "Design and Treatability Studies of Low-Cost Grey Water Treatment with Respect to Recycle and Reuse in Rural Areas." Int. J. Curr. Microbiol. App. Sci 4.8 (2015): 113-124.
[23] Bagundol, Timoteo B., Anthony L. Awa, and Marie Rosellynn C. Enguito. "Efficiency of Slow Sand Filter in Purifying Well Water.” Journal of Multidisciplinary Studies 2, no. 1 (December 18, 2013). doi:10.7828/jmds.v2i1.402.
[24] Vu, T.P., A. Vogel, F. Kern, S. Platz, U. Menzel, and R. Gadow. "Characteristics of an Electrocoagulation–electroflotation Process in Separating Powdered Activated Carbon from Urban Wastewater Effluent.” Separation and Purification Technology 134 (September 2014): 196–203. doi:10.1016/j.seppur.2014.07.038.
[25] Setegn, Shimelis Gebriye. "Introduction: Sustainability of Integrated Water Resources Management (IWRM).” Sustainability of Integrated Water Resources Management (2015): 1–6. doi:10.1007/978-3-319-12194-9_1.
[26] Schäfer, Andrea I., Long D. Nghiem, and Nadine Oschmann. "Bisphenol A Retention in the Direct Ultrafiltration of Greywater.” Journal of Membrane Science 283, no. 1–2 (October 2006): 233–243. doi:10.1016/j.memsci.2006.06.035.
[27] Boyjoo, Yash, Vishnu K. Pareek, and Ming Ang. "A Review of Greywater Characteristics and Treatment Processes.” Water Science and Technology 67, no. 7 (April 2013): 1403–1424. doi:10.2166/wst.2013.675.
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