Rapid Performance Evaluation of Water Supply Services for Strategic Planning
Abstract
The assessment of existing water supply services was carried out through selected performance indicators with the aim of using that data in future for strategic planning of urban Mardan. The key performance indictors studied were selected to assess both the quantity and quality of water. The quality of water was assessed by turbidity, pH, and E-coli tests for samples collected at the start, middle, and tail end of the distribution system. The quantity of water supplied was measured by calculating discharges from water tapes at the three selected locations in the distribution system. A total of thirty samples were collected from ten union councils out of fourteen covering urban Mardan. A number of issues are highlighted in the overall water supply infrastructure and short, mid, and long term remedial measures are recommended. The results are presented in the form of an interactive map using Google Earth and VBA based dynamic database. It was found that the overall quality of water is generally acceptable for drinking. However, the presence of bacteria is an issue in many cases which needs to be resolved. A significant decrease in discharge is observed in the distribution systems away from the source due to leakages and illegal connections. A comprehensive overhaul of both management and infrastructure is required for sustainable and satisfactory level of services.
Keywords
References
Azizullah, Azizullah, Muhammad Nasir Khan Khattak, Peter Richter, and Donat-Peter Häder. “Water Pollution in Pakistan and Its Impact on Public Health — A Review.” Environment International 37, no. 2 (February 2011): 479–497. doi:10.1016/j.envint.2010.10.007.
Arain, Muhammad Balal, Ihsan Ullah, Abdul Niaz, Nasrullah Shah, Afzal Shah, Zahid Hussain, Muhammad Tariq, Hassan Imran Afridi, Jameel Ahmad Baig, and Tasneem Gul Kazi. “Evaluation of Water Quality Parameters in Drinking Water of District Bannu, Pakistan: Multivariate Study.” Sustainability of Water Quality and Ecology 3–4 (October 2014): 114–123. doi:10.1016/j.swaqe.2014.12.005.
Shahid, Muhammad, Nabeel Khan Niazi, Camille Dumat, Ravi Naidu, Sana Khalid, Mohammad Mahmudur Rahman, and Irshad Bibi. “A Meta-Analysis of the Distribution, Sources and Health Risks of Arsenic-Contaminated Groundwater in Pakistan.” Environmental Pollution 242 (November 2018): 307–319. doi:10.1016/j.envpol.2018.06.083.
Khan, Sardar, Maria Shahnaz, Noor Jehan, Shafiqur Rehman, M. Tahir Shah, and Islamud Din. “Drinking Water Quality and Human Health Risk in Charsadda District, Pakistan.” Journal of Cleaner Production 60 (December 2013): 93–101. doi:10.1016/j.jclepro.2012.02.016.
Khalid, Samina, Behzad Murtaza, Iram Shaheen, Iftikhar Ahmad, Muhammad Irfan Ullah, Tahira Abbas, Fariha Rehman, et al. “Assessment and Public Perception of Drinking Water Quality and Safety in District Vehari, Punjab, Pakistan.” Journal of Cleaner Production 181 (April 2018): 224–234. doi:10.1016/j.jclepro.2018.01.178.
Jehan, Shah, Sardar Khan, Seema Anjum Khattak, Said Muhammad, Abdur Rashid, and Nisar Muhammad. “Hydrochemical Properties of Drinking Water and Their Sources Apportionment of Pollution in Bajaur Agency, Pakistan.” Measurement 139 (June 2019): 249–257. doi:10.1016/j.measurement.2019.02.090.
Khan, Kifayatullah, Yonglong Lu, Mian Abdal Saeed, Hazrat Bilal, Hassan Sher, Hizbullah Khan, Jafar Ali, et al. “Prevalent Fecal Contamination in Drinking Water Resources and Potential Health Risks in Swat, Pakistan.” Journal of Environmental Sciences 72 (October 2018): 1–12. doi:10.1016/j.jes.2017.12.008.
Vilanova, Mateus Ricardo Nogueira, Paulo Magalhães Filho, and José Antônio Perrella Balestieri. “Performance Measurement and Indicators for Water Supply Management: Review and International Cases.” Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 43 (March 2015): 1–12. doi:10.1016/j.rser.2014.11.043.
Alegre, Helena. “Performance Indicators for Water Supply Services - Second Edition.” Water Intelligence Online 12 (May 2013). doi:10.2166/9781780405292.
Haider, Husnain, Rehan Sadiq, and Solomon Tesfamariam. “Performance Indicators for Small- and Medium-Sized Water Supply Systems: a Review.” Environmental Reviews 22, no. 1 (March 2014): 1–40. doi:10.1139/er-2013-0013.
ASTM D6855-17, Standard Test Method for Determination of Turbidity Below 5 NTU in Static Mode. ASTM, International: West Conshohocken, PA, 2017. doi: 10.1520/d6855-03
ASTM D1293-12, Standard Test Methods for pH of Water. ASTM International: West Conshohocken, PA, 2012, ASTM, International. doi:10.1520/d1293-99r05
Rice, E.W., et al., Standard methods for the examination of water and wastewater. 22nd ed. 2012, Washington, D.C.: Washington, D.C. : American Public Health Association.
DOI: 10.28991/cej-2019-03091324
Refbacks
- There are currently no refbacks.
Copyright (c) 2019 Gulfam Shahzad, Rashid Rehan, Muhammad Fahim
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
