Structural Characteristics of Developed Sustainable Lime-Straw Composite
Vol. 5 No. 12 (2019): December
Research Articles
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Construction materials made of renewable resources have promising potential given their low cost, availability, and environmental friendliness. Although hemp fibers are the most extensively used fiber in the eco-friendly building sector, their unavailability hinders their application in Iraq. This study aimed to overcome the absence of hemp fiber in Iraq and develop a new sustainable construction material, strawcrete, by using wheat straw and traditional lime as the base binder. A comparable method of developing hempcrete was established. The experimental program adopted novel Mixing Sequence Techniques (MSTs), which depended on changing the sequence of mixed material with fixed proportions. The orientation of the applied load and the specimen's aspect ratio were also studied. The mixing proportion was 4:1:1 (fiber/binder/water) by volume. Results showed that the developed strawcrete had a dry unit weight ranging from 645 kg/m3 to 734 kg/m3 and a compressive strength ranging from 1.8 MPa to 3.8 MPa. The enhanced physical and strength properties varied with the MST and loading orientation. The properties of the developed hempcrete were compared with those of strawcrete.
[1] Williams, Joseph, Mike Lawrence, and Pete Walker. "A Method for the Assessment of the Internal Structure of Bio-Aggregate Concretes.” Construction and Building Materials 116 (July 2016): 45–51. doi:10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2016.04.088.
[2] Mukherjee, Agnita, and Colin MacDougall. "Structural Benefits of Hempcrete Infill in Timber Stud Walls.” International Journal of Sustainable Building Technology and Urban Development 4, no. 4 (December 2013): 295–305. doi:10.1080/2093761x.2013.834280.
[3] Dai, Dasong, and Mizi Fan. "Preparation of Bio-Composite from Wood Sawdust and Gypsum.” Industrial Crops and Products 74 (November 2015): 417–424. doi:10.1016/j.indcrop.2015.05.036.
[4] Hornby, Rachelle. "A Review of Alternative Building Materials in comparison to CMU: Hempcrete, Woodcrete, Papercrete." (2017).
[5] Udawattha, Chameera, and Rangika Halwatura. "Thermal Performance and Structural Cooling Analysis of Brick, Cement Block, and Mud Concrete Block.” Advances in Building Energy Research 12, no. 2 (November 25, 2016): 150–163. doi:10.1080/17512549.2016.1257438.
[6] Bedlivá, Hana, and Nigel Isaacs. "Hempcrete – An Environmentally Friendly Material?” Advanced Materials Research 1041 (October 2014): 83–86. doi:10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.1041.83.
[7] Jami, Tarun, Deepak Rawtani, and Yadendra K. Agrawal. "Hemp Concrete: Carbon-Negative Construction.” Emerging Materials Research 5, no. 2 (December 2016): 240–247. doi:10.1680/jemmr.16.00122.
[8] Jami, Tarun, S.R. Karade, and L.P. Singh. "A Review of the Properties of Hemp Concrete for Green Building Applications.” Journal of Cleaner Production 239 (December 2019): 117852. doi:10.1016/j.jclepro.2019.117852.
[9] Hirst, Edward A. J., Peter Walker, Kevin A. Paine, and Tim Yates. "Characteristics of Low-Density Hemp-Lime Building Materials.” Proceedings of the Institution of Civil Engineers - Construction Materials 165, no. 1 (February 2012): 15–23. doi:10.1680/coma.1000021.
[10] Walker, R., and S. Pavía. "Moisture Transfer and Thermal Properties of Hemp–lime Concretes.” Construction and Building Materials 64 (August 2014): 270–276. doi:10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2014.04.081.
[11] Pietruszka, B, M GoŠ‚Ä™biewski, and P Lisowski. "Characterization of Hemp-Lime Bio-Composite.” IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 290 (June 21, 2019): 012027. doi:10.1088/1755-1315/290/1/012027.
[12] Nguyen, Tai Thu, Vincent Picandet, Patrick Carre, Thibaut Lecompte, Sofiane Amziane, and Christophe Baley. "Effect of Compaction on Mechanical and Thermal Properties of Hemp Concrete.” European Journal of Environmental and Civil Engineering 14, no. 5 (May 16, 2010): 545–560. doi:10.3166/ejece.14.545-560.
[13] Magwood, Chris. Essential Hempcrete Construction: The Complete Step-by-Step Guide. New Society Publishers, 2016.
[14] Aigbomian, Eboziegbe Patrick, and Mizi Fan. "Development of Wood-Crete Building Materials from Sawdust and Waste Paper.” Construction and Building Materials 40 (March 2013): 361–366. doi:10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2012.11.018.
[15] Williams, Joseph, Mike Lawrence, and Pete Walker. "The Influence of Constituents on the Properties of the Bio-Aggregate Composite Hemp-Lime.” Construction and Building Materials 159 (January 2018): 9–17. doi:10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2017.10.109.
[16] Chabannes, Morgan, Jean-Charles Bénézet, Laurent Clerc, and Eric Garcia-Diaz. "Use of Raw Rice Husk as Natural Aggregate in a Lightweight Insulating Concrete: An Innovative Application.” Construction and Building Materials 70 (November 2014): 428–438. doi:10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2014.07.025.
[17] Yin, Xunzhi, Mike Lawrence, Daniel Maskell, and Wen-Shao Chang. "Construction and Monitoring of Experimental Straw Bale Building in Northeast China.” Construction and Building Materials 183 (September 2018): 46–57. doi:10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2018.05.283.
[18] Ewaid, Salam, Salwan Abed, and Nadhir Al-Ansari. "Water Footprint of Wheat in Iraq.” Water 11, no. 3 (March 14, 2019): 535. doi:10.3390/w11030535.
[19] Stevulova, N., L. Kidalova, J. Junak, J. Cigasova, and E. Terpakova. "Effect of Hemp Shive Sizes on Mechanical Properties of Lightweight Fibrous Composites.” Procedia Engineering 42 (2012): 496–500. doi:10.1016/j.proeng.2012.07.441.
[20] Caporale, Andrea, Fulvio Parisi, Domenico Asprone, Raimondo Luciano, and Andrea Prota. "Comparative Micromechanical Assessment of Adobe and Clay Brick Masonry Assemblages Based on Experimental Data Sets.” Composite Structures 120 (February 2015): 208–220. doi:10.1016/j.compstruct.2014.09.046.
[21] British Standards Institution, BS 890:1995; Specification for building limes.
[22] Iraqi Specification No. 5, (1984), "Portland Cement", Baghdad, Iraq.
[23] American Society of Testing and Material (2003). "Standard Test Method for Time of Setting of Hydraulic Cement by Vicat Needle". ASTM C-191, (2003); West Conshohocken, PA.
[24] William Stanwix and Alex Sparrow,"The hempcrete book; Designing and building with hemp-lime" Published by Green Books; (2014).
[25] Elfordy, S., F. Lucas, F. Tancret, Y. Scudeller, and L. Goudet. "Mechanical and Thermal Properties of Lime and Hemp Concrete (‘hempcrete') Manufactured by a Projection Process.” Construction and Building Materials 22, no. 10 (October 2008): 2116–2123. doi:10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2007.07.016.
[2] Mukherjee, Agnita, and Colin MacDougall. "Structural Benefits of Hempcrete Infill in Timber Stud Walls.” International Journal of Sustainable Building Technology and Urban Development 4, no. 4 (December 2013): 295–305. doi:10.1080/2093761x.2013.834280.
[3] Dai, Dasong, and Mizi Fan. "Preparation of Bio-Composite from Wood Sawdust and Gypsum.” Industrial Crops and Products 74 (November 2015): 417–424. doi:10.1016/j.indcrop.2015.05.036.
[4] Hornby, Rachelle. "A Review of Alternative Building Materials in comparison to CMU: Hempcrete, Woodcrete, Papercrete." (2017).
[5] Udawattha, Chameera, and Rangika Halwatura. "Thermal Performance and Structural Cooling Analysis of Brick, Cement Block, and Mud Concrete Block.” Advances in Building Energy Research 12, no. 2 (November 25, 2016): 150–163. doi:10.1080/17512549.2016.1257438.
[6] Bedlivá, Hana, and Nigel Isaacs. "Hempcrete – An Environmentally Friendly Material?” Advanced Materials Research 1041 (October 2014): 83–86. doi:10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.1041.83.
[7] Jami, Tarun, Deepak Rawtani, and Yadendra K. Agrawal. "Hemp Concrete: Carbon-Negative Construction.” Emerging Materials Research 5, no. 2 (December 2016): 240–247. doi:10.1680/jemmr.16.00122.
[8] Jami, Tarun, S.R. Karade, and L.P. Singh. "A Review of the Properties of Hemp Concrete for Green Building Applications.” Journal of Cleaner Production 239 (December 2019): 117852. doi:10.1016/j.jclepro.2019.117852.
[9] Hirst, Edward A. J., Peter Walker, Kevin A. Paine, and Tim Yates. "Characteristics of Low-Density Hemp-Lime Building Materials.” Proceedings of the Institution of Civil Engineers - Construction Materials 165, no. 1 (February 2012): 15–23. doi:10.1680/coma.1000021.
[10] Walker, R., and S. Pavía. "Moisture Transfer and Thermal Properties of Hemp–lime Concretes.” Construction and Building Materials 64 (August 2014): 270–276. doi:10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2014.04.081.
[11] Pietruszka, B, M GoŠ‚Ä™biewski, and P Lisowski. "Characterization of Hemp-Lime Bio-Composite.” IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 290 (June 21, 2019): 012027. doi:10.1088/1755-1315/290/1/012027.
[12] Nguyen, Tai Thu, Vincent Picandet, Patrick Carre, Thibaut Lecompte, Sofiane Amziane, and Christophe Baley. "Effect of Compaction on Mechanical and Thermal Properties of Hemp Concrete.” European Journal of Environmental and Civil Engineering 14, no. 5 (May 16, 2010): 545–560. doi:10.3166/ejece.14.545-560.
[13] Magwood, Chris. Essential Hempcrete Construction: The Complete Step-by-Step Guide. New Society Publishers, 2016.
[14] Aigbomian, Eboziegbe Patrick, and Mizi Fan. "Development of Wood-Crete Building Materials from Sawdust and Waste Paper.” Construction and Building Materials 40 (March 2013): 361–366. doi:10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2012.11.018.
[15] Williams, Joseph, Mike Lawrence, and Pete Walker. "The Influence of Constituents on the Properties of the Bio-Aggregate Composite Hemp-Lime.” Construction and Building Materials 159 (January 2018): 9–17. doi:10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2017.10.109.
[16] Chabannes, Morgan, Jean-Charles Bénézet, Laurent Clerc, and Eric Garcia-Diaz. "Use of Raw Rice Husk as Natural Aggregate in a Lightweight Insulating Concrete: An Innovative Application.” Construction and Building Materials 70 (November 2014): 428–438. doi:10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2014.07.025.
[17] Yin, Xunzhi, Mike Lawrence, Daniel Maskell, and Wen-Shao Chang. "Construction and Monitoring of Experimental Straw Bale Building in Northeast China.” Construction and Building Materials 183 (September 2018): 46–57. doi:10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2018.05.283.
[18] Ewaid, Salam, Salwan Abed, and Nadhir Al-Ansari. "Water Footprint of Wheat in Iraq.” Water 11, no. 3 (March 14, 2019): 535. doi:10.3390/w11030535.
[19] Stevulova, N., L. Kidalova, J. Junak, J. Cigasova, and E. Terpakova. "Effect of Hemp Shive Sizes on Mechanical Properties of Lightweight Fibrous Composites.” Procedia Engineering 42 (2012): 496–500. doi:10.1016/j.proeng.2012.07.441.
[20] Caporale, Andrea, Fulvio Parisi, Domenico Asprone, Raimondo Luciano, and Andrea Prota. "Comparative Micromechanical Assessment of Adobe and Clay Brick Masonry Assemblages Based on Experimental Data Sets.” Composite Structures 120 (February 2015): 208–220. doi:10.1016/j.compstruct.2014.09.046.
[21] British Standards Institution, BS 890:1995; Specification for building limes.
[22] Iraqi Specification No. 5, (1984), "Portland Cement", Baghdad, Iraq.
[23] American Society of Testing and Material (2003). "Standard Test Method for Time of Setting of Hydraulic Cement by Vicat Needle". ASTM C-191, (2003); West Conshohocken, PA.
[24] William Stanwix and Alex Sparrow,"The hempcrete book; Designing and building with hemp-lime" Published by Green Books; (2014).
[25] Elfordy, S., F. Lucas, F. Tancret, Y. Scudeller, and L. Goudet. "Mechanical and Thermal Properties of Lime and Hemp Concrete (‘hempcrete') Manufactured by a Projection Process.” Construction and Building Materials 22, no. 10 (October 2008): 2116–2123. doi:10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2007.07.016.
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