Mechanical and Thermal Performance of Cement Mortar Incorporating Super Absorbent Polymer (SAP)
Vol. 6 No. 11 (2020): November
Research Articles
Downloads
Super Absorbent Polymer (SAP) is a favorable admixture which can influence various properties of cementitious materials. It mainly improves the water retaining properties of cement-based construction materials. In this paper, an experimental program was carried out to determine the mechanical and thermal performance of cement plaster containing SAP. Firstly, the absorption capacity of SAP was determined in different loading conditions and chloride solutions. Thereafter, the optimum dosage of SAP for cement plaster was also determined from five different proportions of SAP (0.05, 0.1, 0.3, 0.5 and 1% of cement mass) based on the compressive strength test results. The mortar incorporating 0.05% SAP of cement mass was selected as the optimum dosage, which yielded the highest compressive strength. Two slabs of 1í—1í—25 mm with 0.05% SAP and two slabs of 1í—1í—25 mm without SAP were cast to determine the thermal performance of the cement mortar with and without SAP. For this purpose, a wooden chamber of 2í—1í—1 m was constructed and the slab was placed in the middle of this chamber to carry out the thermal performance test of cement mortar. The slabs with 0.05% SAP showed promising results for acting as a thermal barrier in buildings compared to slabs without SAP.
Doi: 10.28991/cej-2020-03091614
Full Text: PDF
Rahman, M. M., Jyoti, L. T. Z., Paul, S., Ishmam, A.-., & Hossain, M. A. (2020). Mechanical and Thermal Performance of Cement Mortar Incorporating Super Absorbent Polymer (SAP). Civil Engineering Journal, 6(11), 2231–2244. https://doi.org/10.28991/cej-2020-03091614
[1] Mignon, Arn, Didier Snoeck, David Schaubroeck, Nathalie Luickx, Peter Dubruel, Sandra Van Vlierberghe, and Nele De Belie. "pH-Responsive Superabsorbent Polymers: A Pathway to Self-Healing of Mortar.” Reactive and Functional Polymers 93 (August 2015): 68–76. doi:10.1016/j.reactfunctpolym.2015.06.003.
[2] Ramazani-Harandi, M.J., M.J. Zohuriaan-Mehr, A.A. Yousefi, A. Ershad-Langroudi, and K. Kabiri. "Rheological Determination of the Swollen Gel Strength of Superabsorbent Polymer Hydrogels.” Polymer Testing 25, no. 4 (June 2006): 470–474. doi:10.1016/j.polymertesting.2006.01.011.
[3] Schröfl, Christof, Didier Snoeck, and Viktor Mechtcherine. "A Review of Characterisation Methods for Superabsorbent Polymer (SAP) Samples to Be Used in Cement-Based Construction Materials: Report of the RILEM TC 260-RSC.” Materials and Structures 50, no. 4 (June 28, 2017). doi:10.1617/s11527-017-1060-4.
[4] SAP, RILEM TC. "Application of Superabsorbent Polymers (SAP) in Concrete Construction." RILEM State-of-the-Art Report Prepared by Technical Committee (2012): 165. doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-2733-5.
[5] Justs, J., M. Wyrzykowski, D. Bajare, and P. Lura. "Internal Curing by Superabsorbent Polymers in Ultra-High Performance Concrete.” Cement and Concrete Research 76 (October 2015): 82–90. doi:10.1016/j.cemconres.2015.05.005.
[6] Jensen, Ole Mejlhede, and Per Freiesleben Hansen. "Water-Entrained Cement-Based Materials.” Cement and Concrete Research 32, no. 6 (June 2002): 973–978. doi:10.1016/s0008-8846(02)00737-8.
[7] Schröfl, Christof, Viktor Mechtcherine, and Michaela Gorges. "Relation Between the Molecular Structure and the Efficiency of Superabsorbent Polymers (SAP) as Concrete Admixture to Mitigate Autogenous Shrinkage.” Cement and Concrete Research 42, no. 6 (June 2012): 865–873. doi:10.1016/j.cemconres.2012.03.011.
[8] Mechtcherine, Viktor, Egor Secrieru, and Christof Schröfl. "Effect of Superabsorbent Polymers (SAPs) on Rheological Properties of Fresh Cement-Based Mortars ” Development of Yield Stress and Plastic Viscosity over Time.” Cement and Concrete Research 67 (January 2015): 52–65. doi:10.1016/j.cemconres.2014.07.003.
[9] Secrieru, Egor, Viktor Mechtcherine, Christof Schröfl, and Dmitry Borin. "Rheological Characterisation and Prediction of Pumpability of Strain-Hardening Cement-Based-Composites (SHCC) with and Without Addition of Superabsorbent Polymers (SAP) at Various Temperatures.” Construction and Building Materials 112 (June 2016): 581–594. doi:10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2016.02.161.
[10] Bessaies-Bey, Hela, Robert Baumann, Marc Schmitz, Michael Radler, and Nicolas Roussel. "Effect of Polyacrylamide on Rheology of Fresh Cement Pastes.” Cement and Concrete Research 76 (October 2015): 98–106. doi:10.1016/j.cemconres.2015.05.012.
[11] Jensen, Ole Mejlhede, and Per Freiesleben Hansen. "Water-Entrained Cement-Based Materials.” Cement and Concrete Research 32, no. 6 (June 2002): 973–978. doi:10.1016/s0008-8846(02)00737-8.
[12] Yun, Kyong-Ku, Kwan-Kyu Kim, Wonchang Choi, and Jung Yeon. "Hygral Behavior of Superabsorbent Polymers with Various Particle Sizes and Cross-Linking Densities.” Polymers 9, no. 11 (November 10, 2017): 600. doi:10.3390/polym9110600.
[13] Justs, Janis, Mateusz Wyrzykowski, Frank Winnefeld, Diana Bajare, and Pietro Lura. "Influence of Superabsorbent Polymers on Hydration of Cement Pastes with Low Water-to-Binder Ratio.” Journal of Thermal Analysis and Calorimetry 115, no. 1 (August 29, 2013): 425–432. doi:10.1007/s10973-013-3359-x.
[14] Zhutovsky, Semion, and Konstantin Kovler. "Hydration Kinetics of High-Performance Cementitious Systems Under Different Curing Conditions.” Materials and Structures 46, no. 10 (January 4, 2013): 1599–1611. doi:10.1617/s11527-012-0001-5.
[15] Ma, Xianwei, Jianhui Liu, Zemei Wu, and Caijun Shi. "Effects of SAP on the Properties and Pore Structure of High Performance Cement-Based Materials.” Construction and Building Materials 131 (January 2017): 476–484. doi:10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2016.11.090.
[16] Geiker, Metter Rica, Dale P. Bentz, and Ole Mejlhede Jensen. "Mitigating autogenous shrinkage by internal curing." ACI Special Publications (2004): 143-154.
[17] Igarashi, Shin-ichi. "Experimental Study on Prevention of Autogenous Deformation by Internal Curing Using Super-Absorbent Polymer Particles.” International RILEM Conference on Volume Changes of Hardening Concrete: Testing and Mitigation (2006). doi:10.1617/2351580052.009.
[18] Piérard, J. "Mitigating Autogenous Shrinkage in HPC by Internal Curing Using Superabsorbent Polymers.” International RILEM Conference on Volume Changes of Hardening Concrete: Testing and Mitigation (2006). doi:10.1617/2351580052.011.
[19] Laustsen, Sara, Marianne Tange Hasholt, and Ole Mejlhede Jensen. "Void Structure of Concrete with Superabsorbent Polymers and Its Relation to Frost Resistance of Concrete.” Materials and Structures 48, no. 1–2 (October 25, 2013): 357–368. doi:10.1617/s11527-013-0188-0.
[20] Mönnig, Sven, and Pietro Lura. "Superabsorbent Polymers ” An Additive to Increase the Freeze-Thaw Resistance of High Strength Concrete.” Advances in Construction Materials 2007 (n.d.): 351–358. doi:10.1007/978-3-540-72448-3_35.
[21] Mechtcherine, Viktor, Christof Schröfl, Mateusz Wyrzykowski, Michaela Gorges, Pietro Lura, Daniel Cusson, Jim Margeson, et al. "Effect of Superabsorbent Polymers (SAP) on the Freeze–thaw Resistance of Concrete: Results of a RILEM Interlaboratory Study.” Materials and Structures 50, no. 1 (August 10, 2016). doi:10.1617/s11527-016-0868-7.
[22] Shen, Dejian, Tao Wang, Ying Chen, Mingliang Wang, and Guoqing Jiang. "Effect of Internal Curing with Super Absorbent Polymers on the Relative Humidity of Early-Age Concrete.” Construction and Building Materials 99 (November 2015): 246–253. doi:10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2015.08.042.
[23] Ahn, Tae-Ho, and Toshiharu Kishi. "Crack Self-Healing Behavior of Cementitious Composites Incorporating Various Mineral Admixtures.” Journal of Advanced Concrete Technology 8, no. 2 (2010): 171–186. doi:10.3151/jact.8.171.
[24] Kulkarni, Prakash B., Pravin Dinkar Nemade, and Manoj Pandurang Wagh. "Healing of Generated Cracks in Cement Mortar Using MICP.” Civil Engineering Journal 6, no. 4 (April 1, 2020): 679–692. doi:10.28991/cej-2020-03091500.
[25] Craeye B, Geirnaert M, Schutter G De. Super absorbing polymers as an internal curing agent for mitigation of early-age cracking of high-performance concrete bridge decks. Constr Build Mater 2011;25:1–13. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2010.06.063.
[26] Beushausen, H., and M. Gillmer. "The Use of Superabsorbent Polymers to Reduce Cracking of Bonded Mortar Overlays.” Cement and Concrete Composites 52 (September 2014): 1–8. doi:10.1016/j.cemconcomp.2014.03.009.
[27] Snoeck, Didier, Kim Van Tittelboom, Stijn Steuperaert, Peter Dubruel, and Nele De Belie. "Self-Healing Cementitious Materials by the Combination of Microfibres and Superabsorbent Polymers.” Journal of Intelligent Material Systems and Structures 25, no. 1 (March 15, 2012): 13–24. doi:10.1177/1045389x12438623.
[28] Van Tittelboom, Kim, Didier Snoeck, Jianyun Wang, and Nele De Belie. "Most recent advances in the field of self-healing cementitious materials." In 4th International conference on Self-Healing Materials (ICSHM 2013), pp. 406-413. Ghent University. Magnel Laboratory for Concrete Research, 2013.
[29] Lee, H.X.D., H.S. Wong, and N.R. Buenfeld. "Self-Sealing of Cracks in Concrete Using Superabsorbent Polymers.” Cement and Concrete Research 79 (January 2016): 194–208. doi:10.1016/j.cemconres.2015.09.008.
[30] Wyrzykowski, Mateusz, and Pietro Lura. "Controlling the Coefficient of Thermal Expansion of Cementitious Materials – A New Application for Superabsorbent Polymers.” Cement and Concrete Composites 35, no. 1 (January 2013): 49–58. doi:10.1016/j.cemconcomp.2012.08.010.
[31] Almeida, Fernando C.R., and Agnieszka J. Klemm. "Efficiency of Internal Curing by Superabsorbent Polymers (SAP) in PC-GGBS Mortars.” Cement and Concrete Composites 88 (April 2018): 41–51. doi:10.1016/j.cemconcomp.2018.01.002.
[32] Yang, Jin, and Fazhou Wang. "Influence of Assumed Absorption Capacity of Superabsorbent Polymers on the Microstructure and Performance of Cement Mortars.” Construction and Building Materials 204 (April 2019): 468–478. doi:10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2019.01.225.
[33] Snoeck, D., D. Schaubroeck, P. Dubruel, and N. De Belie. "Effect of High Amounts of Superabsorbent Polymers and Additional Water on the Workability, Microstructure and Strength of Mortars with a Water-to-Cement Ratio of 0.50.” Construction and Building Materials 72 (December 2014): 148–157. doi:10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2014.09.012.
[34] Kang, Sung-Hoon, Sung-Gul Hong, and Juhyuk Moon. "The Effect of Superabsorbent Polymer on Various Scale of Pore Structure in Ultra-High Performance Concrete.” Construction and Building Materials 172 (May 2018): 29–40. doi:10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2018.03.193.
[35] Li, Ming, Yu-jiang Wang, Wen-bin Wang, Qian Tian, and Jia-ping Liu. "Quantitative Characterisation of Absorption Capacity and Dosage of SAP in Cement Paste.” Advances in Cement Research 28, no. 8 (September 2016): 518–528. doi:10.1680/jadcr.16.00014.
[36] Hasholt, Marianne Tange, Ole Mejlhede Jensen, Konstantin Kovler, and Semion Zhutovsky. "Can Superabsorent Polymers Mitigate Autogenous Shrinkage of Internally Cured Concrete Without Compromising the Strength?” Construction and Building Materials 31 (June 2012): 226–230. doi:10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2011.12.062.
[37] Lee, H X D, H S Wong, and N R Buenfeld. "Potential of Superabsorbent Polymer for Self-Sealing Cracks in Concrete.” Advances in Applied Ceramics 109, no. 5 (May 1, 2010): 296–302. doi:10.1179/174367609x459559.
[38] Sun, Beibei, Hao Wu, Weimin Song, Zhe Li, and Jia Yu. "Design Methodology and Mechanical Properties of Superabsorbent Polymer (SAP) Cement-Based Materials.” Construction and Building Materials 204 (April 2019): 440–449. doi:10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2019.01.206.
[39] Lura, Pietro. "Compressive Strength of Cement Pastes and Mortars with Superabsorbent Polymers.” International RILEM Conference on Volume Changes of Hardening Concrete: Testing and Mitigation (2006). doi:10.1617/2351580052.013.
[40] Esteves, Luís P., Paulo Cachim, and Victor M. Ferreira. "Mechanical Properties of Cement Mortars with Superabsorbent Polymers.” Advances in Construction Materials 2007 (n.d.): 451–462. doi:10.1007/978-3-540-72448-3_45.
[41] Wehbe, Yara, and Ali Ghahremaninezhad. "Combined Effect of Shrinkage Reducing Admixtures (SRA) and Superabsorbent Polymers (SAP) on the Autogenous Shrinkage, Hydration and Properties of Cementitious Materials.” Construction and Building Materials 138 (May 2017): 151–162. doi:10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2016.12.206.
[42] Lv, Yang, Guang Ye, and Geert De Schutter. "Investigation on the Potential Utilization of Zeolite as an Internal Curing Agent for Autogenous Shrinkage Mitigation and the Effect of Modification.” Construction and Building Materials 198 (February 2019): 669–676. doi:10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2018.12.001. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2018.12.001.
[43] Zuo, Yibing, Marija Nedeljković, and Guang Ye. "Pore Solution Composition of Alkali-Activated Slag/fly Ash Pastes.” Cement and Concrete Research 115 (January 2019): 230–250. doi:10.1016/j.cemconres.2018.10.010.
[44] Lura, Pietro. "Autogenous Strain of Cement Pastes with Superabsorbent Polymers.” International RILEM Conference on Volume Changes of Hardening Concrete: Testing and Mitigation (2006). doi:10.1617/2351580052.007.
[45] Snoeck, D., P. Van den Heede, T. Van Mullem, and N. De Belie. "Water Penetration through Cracks in Self-Healing Cementitious Materials with Superabsorbent Polymers Studied by Neutron Radiography.” Cement and Concrete Research 113 (November 2018): 86–98. doi:10.1016/j.cemconres.2018.07.002.
[46] Woyciechowski, Piotr, and Maciej Kalinowski. "The Influence of Dosing Method and Material Characteristics of Superabsorbent Polymers (SAP) on the Effectiveness of the Concrete Internal Curing.” Materials 11, no. 9 (September 3, 2018): 1600. doi:10.3390/ma11091600.
[47] Wang, Fazhou, Yufei Zhou, Bo Peng, Zhichao Liu, and Shuguang Hu. "Autogenous shrinkage of concrete with super-absorbent polymer." ACI Materials Journal 106, no. 2 (2009): 123. doi.org/10.14359/56458.
[48] Kong, Xiang-ming, Zhen-lin Zhang, and Zi-chen Lu. "Effect of Pre-Soaked Superabsorbent Polymer on Shrinkage of High-Strength Concrete.” Materials and Structures 48, no. 9 (June 8, 2014): 2741–2758. doi:10.1617/s11527-014-0351-2.
[49] AzariJafari, Hessam, Ali Kazemian, Motahareh Rahimi, and Ammar Yahia. "Effects of Pre-Soaked Super Absorbent Polymers on Fresh and Hardened Properties of Self-Consolidating Lightweight Concrete.” Construction and Building Materials 113 (June 2016): 215–220. doi:10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2016.03.010.
[50] Kang, Sung-Hoon, Sung-Gul Hong, and Juhyuk Moon. "Absorption Kinetics of Superabsorbent Polymers (SAP) in Various Cement-Based Solutions.” Cement and Concrete Research 97 (July 2017): 73–83. doi:10.1016/j.cemconres.2017.03.009.
[51] Mo, Jinchuan, Zhongwen Ou, Xuxin Zhao, Jinming Liu, and Yahui Wang. "Influence of Superabsorbent Polymer on Shrinkage Properties of Reactive Powder Concrete Blended with Granulated Blast Furnace Slag.” Construction and Building Materials 146 (August 2017): 283–296. doi:10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2017.04.105.
[52] Pourjavadi, Ali, Seyed Mahmoud Fakoorpoor, Payam Hosseini, and Alireza Khaloo. "Interactions between Superabsorbent Polymers and Cement-Based Composites Incorporating Colloidal Silica Nanoparticles.” Cement and Concrete Composites 37 (March 2013): 196–204. doi:10.1016/j.cemconcomp.2012.10.005.
[53] Shen, Dejian, Jinliang Jiang, Yang Jiao, Jiaxin Shen, and Guoqing Jiang. "Early-Age Tensile Creep and Cracking Potential of Concrete Internally Cured with Pre-Wetted Lightweight Aggregate.” Construction and Building Materials 135 (March 2017): 420–429. doi:10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2016.12.187.
[54] Pantazopoulou, Stavroula J., and R. H. Mills. "Microstructural aspects of the mechanical response of plain concrete." Materials Journal 92, no. 6 (1995): 605-616. doi.org/10.14359/9780.
[55] Lee, H.X.D., H.S. Wong, and N.R. Buenfeld. "Effect of Alkalinity and Calcium Concentration of Pore Solution on the Swelling and Ionic Exchange of Superabsorbent Polymers in Cement Paste.” Cement and Concrete Composites 88 (April 2018): 150–164. doi:10.1016/j.cemconcomp.2018.02.005.
[56] FoŠ™t, Jan, Petr HotÄ›k, Martin Mildner, Jitka Krejsová, and Robert ÄŒerní½. "Effect of Superabsorbent Polymer Admixtures on Hygric and Thermal Properties of Cement Mortar.” Edited by J. Kurnitski and T. Kalamees. E3S Web of Conferences 172 (2020): 14011. doi:10.1051/e3sconf/202017214011.
[2] Ramazani-Harandi, M.J., M.J. Zohuriaan-Mehr, A.A. Yousefi, A. Ershad-Langroudi, and K. Kabiri. "Rheological Determination of the Swollen Gel Strength of Superabsorbent Polymer Hydrogels.” Polymer Testing 25, no. 4 (June 2006): 470–474. doi:10.1016/j.polymertesting.2006.01.011.
[3] Schröfl, Christof, Didier Snoeck, and Viktor Mechtcherine. "A Review of Characterisation Methods for Superabsorbent Polymer (SAP) Samples to Be Used in Cement-Based Construction Materials: Report of the RILEM TC 260-RSC.” Materials and Structures 50, no. 4 (June 28, 2017). doi:10.1617/s11527-017-1060-4.
[4] SAP, RILEM TC. "Application of Superabsorbent Polymers (SAP) in Concrete Construction." RILEM State-of-the-Art Report Prepared by Technical Committee (2012): 165. doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-2733-5.
[5] Justs, J., M. Wyrzykowski, D. Bajare, and P. Lura. "Internal Curing by Superabsorbent Polymers in Ultra-High Performance Concrete.” Cement and Concrete Research 76 (October 2015): 82–90. doi:10.1016/j.cemconres.2015.05.005.
[6] Jensen, Ole Mejlhede, and Per Freiesleben Hansen. "Water-Entrained Cement-Based Materials.” Cement and Concrete Research 32, no. 6 (June 2002): 973–978. doi:10.1016/s0008-8846(02)00737-8.
[7] Schröfl, Christof, Viktor Mechtcherine, and Michaela Gorges. "Relation Between the Molecular Structure and the Efficiency of Superabsorbent Polymers (SAP) as Concrete Admixture to Mitigate Autogenous Shrinkage.” Cement and Concrete Research 42, no. 6 (June 2012): 865–873. doi:10.1016/j.cemconres.2012.03.011.
[8] Mechtcherine, Viktor, Egor Secrieru, and Christof Schröfl. "Effect of Superabsorbent Polymers (SAPs) on Rheological Properties of Fresh Cement-Based Mortars ” Development of Yield Stress and Plastic Viscosity over Time.” Cement and Concrete Research 67 (January 2015): 52–65. doi:10.1016/j.cemconres.2014.07.003.
[9] Secrieru, Egor, Viktor Mechtcherine, Christof Schröfl, and Dmitry Borin. "Rheological Characterisation and Prediction of Pumpability of Strain-Hardening Cement-Based-Composites (SHCC) with and Without Addition of Superabsorbent Polymers (SAP) at Various Temperatures.” Construction and Building Materials 112 (June 2016): 581–594. doi:10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2016.02.161.
[10] Bessaies-Bey, Hela, Robert Baumann, Marc Schmitz, Michael Radler, and Nicolas Roussel. "Effect of Polyacrylamide on Rheology of Fresh Cement Pastes.” Cement and Concrete Research 76 (October 2015): 98–106. doi:10.1016/j.cemconres.2015.05.012.
[11] Jensen, Ole Mejlhede, and Per Freiesleben Hansen. "Water-Entrained Cement-Based Materials.” Cement and Concrete Research 32, no. 6 (June 2002): 973–978. doi:10.1016/s0008-8846(02)00737-8.
[12] Yun, Kyong-Ku, Kwan-Kyu Kim, Wonchang Choi, and Jung Yeon. "Hygral Behavior of Superabsorbent Polymers with Various Particle Sizes and Cross-Linking Densities.” Polymers 9, no. 11 (November 10, 2017): 600. doi:10.3390/polym9110600.
[13] Justs, Janis, Mateusz Wyrzykowski, Frank Winnefeld, Diana Bajare, and Pietro Lura. "Influence of Superabsorbent Polymers on Hydration of Cement Pastes with Low Water-to-Binder Ratio.” Journal of Thermal Analysis and Calorimetry 115, no. 1 (August 29, 2013): 425–432. doi:10.1007/s10973-013-3359-x.
[14] Zhutovsky, Semion, and Konstantin Kovler. "Hydration Kinetics of High-Performance Cementitious Systems Under Different Curing Conditions.” Materials and Structures 46, no. 10 (January 4, 2013): 1599–1611. doi:10.1617/s11527-012-0001-5.
[15] Ma, Xianwei, Jianhui Liu, Zemei Wu, and Caijun Shi. "Effects of SAP on the Properties and Pore Structure of High Performance Cement-Based Materials.” Construction and Building Materials 131 (January 2017): 476–484. doi:10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2016.11.090.
[16] Geiker, Metter Rica, Dale P. Bentz, and Ole Mejlhede Jensen. "Mitigating autogenous shrinkage by internal curing." ACI Special Publications (2004): 143-154.
[17] Igarashi, Shin-ichi. "Experimental Study on Prevention of Autogenous Deformation by Internal Curing Using Super-Absorbent Polymer Particles.” International RILEM Conference on Volume Changes of Hardening Concrete: Testing and Mitigation (2006). doi:10.1617/2351580052.009.
[18] Piérard, J. "Mitigating Autogenous Shrinkage in HPC by Internal Curing Using Superabsorbent Polymers.” International RILEM Conference on Volume Changes of Hardening Concrete: Testing and Mitigation (2006). doi:10.1617/2351580052.011.
[19] Laustsen, Sara, Marianne Tange Hasholt, and Ole Mejlhede Jensen. "Void Structure of Concrete with Superabsorbent Polymers and Its Relation to Frost Resistance of Concrete.” Materials and Structures 48, no. 1–2 (October 25, 2013): 357–368. doi:10.1617/s11527-013-0188-0.
[20] Mönnig, Sven, and Pietro Lura. "Superabsorbent Polymers ” An Additive to Increase the Freeze-Thaw Resistance of High Strength Concrete.” Advances in Construction Materials 2007 (n.d.): 351–358. doi:10.1007/978-3-540-72448-3_35.
[21] Mechtcherine, Viktor, Christof Schröfl, Mateusz Wyrzykowski, Michaela Gorges, Pietro Lura, Daniel Cusson, Jim Margeson, et al. "Effect of Superabsorbent Polymers (SAP) on the Freeze–thaw Resistance of Concrete: Results of a RILEM Interlaboratory Study.” Materials and Structures 50, no. 1 (August 10, 2016). doi:10.1617/s11527-016-0868-7.
[22] Shen, Dejian, Tao Wang, Ying Chen, Mingliang Wang, and Guoqing Jiang. "Effect of Internal Curing with Super Absorbent Polymers on the Relative Humidity of Early-Age Concrete.” Construction and Building Materials 99 (November 2015): 246–253. doi:10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2015.08.042.
[23] Ahn, Tae-Ho, and Toshiharu Kishi. "Crack Self-Healing Behavior of Cementitious Composites Incorporating Various Mineral Admixtures.” Journal of Advanced Concrete Technology 8, no. 2 (2010): 171–186. doi:10.3151/jact.8.171.
[24] Kulkarni, Prakash B., Pravin Dinkar Nemade, and Manoj Pandurang Wagh. "Healing of Generated Cracks in Cement Mortar Using MICP.” Civil Engineering Journal 6, no. 4 (April 1, 2020): 679–692. doi:10.28991/cej-2020-03091500.
[25] Craeye B, Geirnaert M, Schutter G De. Super absorbing polymers as an internal curing agent for mitigation of early-age cracking of high-performance concrete bridge decks. Constr Build Mater 2011;25:1–13. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2010.06.063.
[26] Beushausen, H., and M. Gillmer. "The Use of Superabsorbent Polymers to Reduce Cracking of Bonded Mortar Overlays.” Cement and Concrete Composites 52 (September 2014): 1–8. doi:10.1016/j.cemconcomp.2014.03.009.
[27] Snoeck, Didier, Kim Van Tittelboom, Stijn Steuperaert, Peter Dubruel, and Nele De Belie. "Self-Healing Cementitious Materials by the Combination of Microfibres and Superabsorbent Polymers.” Journal of Intelligent Material Systems and Structures 25, no. 1 (March 15, 2012): 13–24. doi:10.1177/1045389x12438623.
[28] Van Tittelboom, Kim, Didier Snoeck, Jianyun Wang, and Nele De Belie. "Most recent advances in the field of self-healing cementitious materials." In 4th International conference on Self-Healing Materials (ICSHM 2013), pp. 406-413. Ghent University. Magnel Laboratory for Concrete Research, 2013.
[29] Lee, H.X.D., H.S. Wong, and N.R. Buenfeld. "Self-Sealing of Cracks in Concrete Using Superabsorbent Polymers.” Cement and Concrete Research 79 (January 2016): 194–208. doi:10.1016/j.cemconres.2015.09.008.
[30] Wyrzykowski, Mateusz, and Pietro Lura. "Controlling the Coefficient of Thermal Expansion of Cementitious Materials – A New Application for Superabsorbent Polymers.” Cement and Concrete Composites 35, no. 1 (January 2013): 49–58. doi:10.1016/j.cemconcomp.2012.08.010.
[31] Almeida, Fernando C.R., and Agnieszka J. Klemm. "Efficiency of Internal Curing by Superabsorbent Polymers (SAP) in PC-GGBS Mortars.” Cement and Concrete Composites 88 (April 2018): 41–51. doi:10.1016/j.cemconcomp.2018.01.002.
[32] Yang, Jin, and Fazhou Wang. "Influence of Assumed Absorption Capacity of Superabsorbent Polymers on the Microstructure and Performance of Cement Mortars.” Construction and Building Materials 204 (April 2019): 468–478. doi:10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2019.01.225.
[33] Snoeck, D., D. Schaubroeck, P. Dubruel, and N. De Belie. "Effect of High Amounts of Superabsorbent Polymers and Additional Water on the Workability, Microstructure and Strength of Mortars with a Water-to-Cement Ratio of 0.50.” Construction and Building Materials 72 (December 2014): 148–157. doi:10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2014.09.012.
[34] Kang, Sung-Hoon, Sung-Gul Hong, and Juhyuk Moon. "The Effect of Superabsorbent Polymer on Various Scale of Pore Structure in Ultra-High Performance Concrete.” Construction and Building Materials 172 (May 2018): 29–40. doi:10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2018.03.193.
[35] Li, Ming, Yu-jiang Wang, Wen-bin Wang, Qian Tian, and Jia-ping Liu. "Quantitative Characterisation of Absorption Capacity and Dosage of SAP in Cement Paste.” Advances in Cement Research 28, no. 8 (September 2016): 518–528. doi:10.1680/jadcr.16.00014.
[36] Hasholt, Marianne Tange, Ole Mejlhede Jensen, Konstantin Kovler, and Semion Zhutovsky. "Can Superabsorent Polymers Mitigate Autogenous Shrinkage of Internally Cured Concrete Without Compromising the Strength?” Construction and Building Materials 31 (June 2012): 226–230. doi:10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2011.12.062.
[37] Lee, H X D, H S Wong, and N R Buenfeld. "Potential of Superabsorbent Polymer for Self-Sealing Cracks in Concrete.” Advances in Applied Ceramics 109, no. 5 (May 1, 2010): 296–302. doi:10.1179/174367609x459559.
[38] Sun, Beibei, Hao Wu, Weimin Song, Zhe Li, and Jia Yu. "Design Methodology and Mechanical Properties of Superabsorbent Polymer (SAP) Cement-Based Materials.” Construction and Building Materials 204 (April 2019): 440–449. doi:10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2019.01.206.
[39] Lura, Pietro. "Compressive Strength of Cement Pastes and Mortars with Superabsorbent Polymers.” International RILEM Conference on Volume Changes of Hardening Concrete: Testing and Mitigation (2006). doi:10.1617/2351580052.013.
[40] Esteves, Luís P., Paulo Cachim, and Victor M. Ferreira. "Mechanical Properties of Cement Mortars with Superabsorbent Polymers.” Advances in Construction Materials 2007 (n.d.): 451–462. doi:10.1007/978-3-540-72448-3_45.
[41] Wehbe, Yara, and Ali Ghahremaninezhad. "Combined Effect of Shrinkage Reducing Admixtures (SRA) and Superabsorbent Polymers (SAP) on the Autogenous Shrinkage, Hydration and Properties of Cementitious Materials.” Construction and Building Materials 138 (May 2017): 151–162. doi:10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2016.12.206.
[42] Lv, Yang, Guang Ye, and Geert De Schutter. "Investigation on the Potential Utilization of Zeolite as an Internal Curing Agent for Autogenous Shrinkage Mitigation and the Effect of Modification.” Construction and Building Materials 198 (February 2019): 669–676. doi:10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2018.12.001. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2018.12.001.
[43] Zuo, Yibing, Marija Nedeljković, and Guang Ye. "Pore Solution Composition of Alkali-Activated Slag/fly Ash Pastes.” Cement and Concrete Research 115 (January 2019): 230–250. doi:10.1016/j.cemconres.2018.10.010.
[44] Lura, Pietro. "Autogenous Strain of Cement Pastes with Superabsorbent Polymers.” International RILEM Conference on Volume Changes of Hardening Concrete: Testing and Mitigation (2006). doi:10.1617/2351580052.007.
[45] Snoeck, D., P. Van den Heede, T. Van Mullem, and N. De Belie. "Water Penetration through Cracks in Self-Healing Cementitious Materials with Superabsorbent Polymers Studied by Neutron Radiography.” Cement and Concrete Research 113 (November 2018): 86–98. doi:10.1016/j.cemconres.2018.07.002.
[46] Woyciechowski, Piotr, and Maciej Kalinowski. "The Influence of Dosing Method and Material Characteristics of Superabsorbent Polymers (SAP) on the Effectiveness of the Concrete Internal Curing.” Materials 11, no. 9 (September 3, 2018): 1600. doi:10.3390/ma11091600.
[47] Wang, Fazhou, Yufei Zhou, Bo Peng, Zhichao Liu, and Shuguang Hu. "Autogenous shrinkage of concrete with super-absorbent polymer." ACI Materials Journal 106, no. 2 (2009): 123. doi.org/10.14359/56458.
[48] Kong, Xiang-ming, Zhen-lin Zhang, and Zi-chen Lu. "Effect of Pre-Soaked Superabsorbent Polymer on Shrinkage of High-Strength Concrete.” Materials and Structures 48, no. 9 (June 8, 2014): 2741–2758. doi:10.1617/s11527-014-0351-2.
[49] AzariJafari, Hessam, Ali Kazemian, Motahareh Rahimi, and Ammar Yahia. "Effects of Pre-Soaked Super Absorbent Polymers on Fresh and Hardened Properties of Self-Consolidating Lightweight Concrete.” Construction and Building Materials 113 (June 2016): 215–220. doi:10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2016.03.010.
[50] Kang, Sung-Hoon, Sung-Gul Hong, and Juhyuk Moon. "Absorption Kinetics of Superabsorbent Polymers (SAP) in Various Cement-Based Solutions.” Cement and Concrete Research 97 (July 2017): 73–83. doi:10.1016/j.cemconres.2017.03.009.
[51] Mo, Jinchuan, Zhongwen Ou, Xuxin Zhao, Jinming Liu, and Yahui Wang. "Influence of Superabsorbent Polymer on Shrinkage Properties of Reactive Powder Concrete Blended with Granulated Blast Furnace Slag.” Construction and Building Materials 146 (August 2017): 283–296. doi:10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2017.04.105.
[52] Pourjavadi, Ali, Seyed Mahmoud Fakoorpoor, Payam Hosseini, and Alireza Khaloo. "Interactions between Superabsorbent Polymers and Cement-Based Composites Incorporating Colloidal Silica Nanoparticles.” Cement and Concrete Composites 37 (March 2013): 196–204. doi:10.1016/j.cemconcomp.2012.10.005.
[53] Shen, Dejian, Jinliang Jiang, Yang Jiao, Jiaxin Shen, and Guoqing Jiang. "Early-Age Tensile Creep and Cracking Potential of Concrete Internally Cured with Pre-Wetted Lightweight Aggregate.” Construction and Building Materials 135 (March 2017): 420–429. doi:10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2016.12.187.
[54] Pantazopoulou, Stavroula J., and R. H. Mills. "Microstructural aspects of the mechanical response of plain concrete." Materials Journal 92, no. 6 (1995): 605-616. doi.org/10.14359/9780.
[55] Lee, H.X.D., H.S. Wong, and N.R. Buenfeld. "Effect of Alkalinity and Calcium Concentration of Pore Solution on the Swelling and Ionic Exchange of Superabsorbent Polymers in Cement Paste.” Cement and Concrete Composites 88 (April 2018): 150–164. doi:10.1016/j.cemconcomp.2018.02.005.
[56] FoŠ™t, Jan, Petr HotÄ›k, Martin Mildner, Jitka Krejsová, and Robert ÄŒerní½. "Effect of Superabsorbent Polymer Admixtures on Hygric and Thermal Properties of Cement Mortar.” Edited by J. Kurnitski and T. Kalamees. E3S Web of Conferences 172 (2020): 14011. doi:10.1051/e3sconf/202017214011.
- Authors retain all copyrights. It is noticeable that authors will not be forced to sign any copyright transfer agreements.
- This work (including HTML and PDF Files) is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
