Electrokinetic Remediation of Zinc and Copper Contaminated Soil: A Simulation-based Study
Vol. 3 No. 9 (2017): September
Research Articles
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Electrokinetic is an effective and innovative method to remediate different kinds of soils, especially low permeable fined-grain soils such as silty and clayey soils. In this method, by applying a direct-current electric field into a contaminated soil resulted in different transport phenomena, the soil is remediated. This paper's objective is to propose a numerical model for Electrokinetic remediation of zinc and copper contaminated soils. Different transport phenomena including ion migration, electroosmosis flow, and diffusion were taken into account in the model. Chemical reactions such as precipitation/dissolution, adsorption onto the soil surface, and water chemical equilibrium were considered as well. Furthermore, instead of simplified boundary conditions (Neumann or Dirichlet) that cannot properly reflect the reality of the Electrokinetic remediation process, the realistic boundary conditions were used with consideration of flux and electrolysis reaction at the electrodes. The simulation results compared with the available experimental data in the literature. The coefficient of determination and the index of agreement indicated that the present model is consistent with the tests' results. Thus, the assumptions considered in the present study are acceptable.
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[31] Hizal, J. and Apak, R. Modeling of cadmium(II) adsorption on kaolinite-based clays in the absence and presence of humic acid, Appl. Clay Sci., 32 (2006): 232–244.
[32] Srivastava, P. Singh, B. and Angove, M. Competitive adsorption behavior of heavy metals on kaolinite, J. Colloid Interface Sci., 290 (2005), 28–38.
[33] Ikhsan, J. Johnson, B. and Wells, J. A Comparative Study of the Adsorption of Transition Metals on Kaolinite., J. Colloid Interface Sci., 217 (1999): 403–410.
[34] Fletcher, Clive AJ. "Computational techniques for fluid dynamics. Volume 1-Fundamental and general techniques. Volume 2-Specific techniques for different flow categories." In Berlin and New York, Springer-Verlag, 1988, p. Vol. 1, 418 p.; vol. 2, 493 p., vol. 1. 1988.
[35] Rezaee, M. Numerical Modeling of Electrokinetic Remediation of Heavy Metal Contaminated Kaolinite Soil. MS.c. Thesis, Kharazmi University, 2014.
[36] Asadollahfardi, G. Nasrollahi Gisel, M. and Rezaee, M. Electrochemical Remediation Technology"¯: Fundamentals, Benefits and Challenges Third international symposium on environmental and water resource engineering, 2015.
[37] Asadollahfardi, G. Nasrollahi, M. Rezaee, M. and Khodadadi Darban, A. Nickel removal from low permeable kaolin soil under unenhanced and EDTA-enhanced electrokinetic process, Adv. Environ. Res., 2(2017): 147–158.
[38] M. Rezaee, G. Asadollahfardi, Nasrollahi Gisel, M. Mathematical modeling of electrochemical soil decontamination, 10th international congress on civil engineering, 2015.
[39] Asadollahfardi, G. Darban, A. K. Noorifar, N. and Rezaee, M. Mathematical simulation of surfactant flushing process to remediate diesel contaminated sand column, Adv. Environ. Res., 5(2016): 213–224.
[2] Reddy, K.R. and Cameselle, C. Electrochemical Remediation Technologies for polluted soils, sediments and groundwater, Wily, 2009.
[3] Lemaire, T. Moyne, C. and Stemmelen, D. Modelling of electro-osmosis in clayey materials including pH effects, Phys. Chem. Earth, vol. 32 (2007): 441–452.
[4] Jeyakanthan, V. and Gnanendran, C. T. Elastoplastic numerical approach for predicting the electro-osmotic consolidation behaviour of soft clays, Can. Geotech. J., 50(2013): 1219–1235.
[5] Yuan, J. and Hicks, M. A. Numerical simulation of elasto-plastic electro-osmosis consolidation at large strain, Acta Geotech., 11(2016): 127–143.
[6] Zhou, Y Deng, D. and Wang, C. Finite-difference model for one-dimensional electro-osmotic consolidation, Comput. Geotech. 54(013): 152–165.
[7] Estabragh, A. R. Naseh, M. and Javadi, A. A. Improvement of clay soil by electro-osmosis technique, Appl. Clay Sci., 95(2014): 32–36.
[8] Reddy, K. R.and Chinthamreddy, S. Sequentially Enhanced Electrokinetic Remediation of Heavy Metals in Low Buffering Clayey Soils, J. Geotech. Geoenvironmental Eng, 129 (2003): 263–277.
[9] Jacobs, R. A.and Probstein, R. F. Two-dimensional modeling of electroremediation, AIChE J., 42(1996): 1685–1696.
[10] Choi Y. S. and Lui, R. A mathematical model for the electrokinetic remediation of contaminated soil, J. Hazard. Mater., 44(1995): 61–75.
[11] Harris, M. T.. DePaoli, D. W and Ally, M. Modeling the electrokinetic transport of strontium and cesium through a concrete disk, Sep. Purif. Technol., 11(1997): 173–184.
[12] Kim, S.O. Kim, J. J. Yun, S. T. and Kim, K. W. Numerical and experimental studies on Cadmium(II) transport in kaolinite clay under electrical fields, Water, Air Soil Pollut., 150,(2003): 135–162.
[13] Kim, S. Kim, J. Kim, K. and Yun, S. Models and Experiments on Electrokinetic Removal of Pb(II) from Kaolinite Clay, Separation Science and Technology, 39 (2004): 1927–1951.
[14] Park, J.S. Kim, S.O. Kim, K.W. Kim, B.R. and Moon, S.H. Numerical analysis for electrokinetic soil processing enhanced by chemical conditioning of the electrode reservoirs, J. Hazard. Mater., 99 (2003): 71–88.
[15] Vereda-Alonso, C. Rodríguez-Maroto, J. M. García-Delgado, R. A. Gómez-Lahoz, C. and García-Herruzo, F. Two-dimensional model for soil electrokinetic remediation of heavy metals: Application to a copper spiked kaolin, Chemosphere, 54(2004): 895–903.
[16] Amrate S. and Akretche, D. E. Modeling EDTA enhanced electrokinetic remediation of lead contaminated soils, Chemosphere, 60 (2005): 1376–1383.
[17] Mascia, M. Palmas, S. Polcaro, A. M. Vacca, A. and Muntoni, A. Experimental study and mathematical model on remediation of Cd spiked kaolinite by electrokinetics, Electrochim. Acta, 52 (2007): 3360–3365.
[18] Al-Hamdan A. Z. and Reddy, K.R. Electrokinetic Remediation Modeling Incorporating Geochemical Effects,” J. Geotech. Geoenvironmental Eng., 134 (2008): 91–105.
[19] Paz-García, J.M. Johannesson, B. Ottosen, L.M. Ribeiro, A.B. and. Rodríguez-Maroto, J.M. Modeling of electrokinetic processes by finite element integration of the Nernst-Planck-Poisson system of equations, Sep. Purif. Technol., 79 (2011): 183–192.
[20] Yeung, A.T. Hsu, C.N and R. M. Menon, Electrokinetic extraction of lead from kaolinites: I. Numerical modeling, Environmentalist, 31 (2011): 26–32.
[21] Paz-Garcia, J.M. Baek, K. Alshawabkeh, I.D. and Alshawabkeh, A.N. A generalized model for transport of contaminants in soil by electric fields., J. Environ. Sci. Health. A. Tox. Hazard. Subst. Environ. Eng., 47 (2012): 308–18.
[22] Miao T. and Pan, T. A Multiphysics Model for Evaluating Electrokinetic Remediation of Nuclear Waste-Contaminated Soils, Water, Air, Soil Pollut., 226 (2015): 77.
[23] Asadollahfardi, G. Rezaee, M. and Tavakoli Mehrjardi, G. Simulation of Unenhanced Electrokinetic Process for Lead Removal from Kaolinite Clay, Int. J. Civ. Eng., 14 (2016): 263-270.
[24] Turer D. and Genc, A. Assessing effect of electrode configuration on the efficiency of electrokinetic remediation by sequential extraction analysis, J. Hazard. Mater., 119 (2005): 167–174.
[25] Mitchell James, K. "Fundamentals of soil behavior." (1993).
[26] Alshawabkeh, Akram Nimer. "Theoretical and Experimental Modeling of Removing Contaminants From Soils by an Electric Field." (1994).
[27] Probstein, Ronald F. Physicochemical hydrodynamics: an introduction. John Wiley & Sons, 2005.
[28] Irving, B. A., and P. J. Holmes. "The electrochemistry of semiconductors." Academic press, London (1962): 262-294.
[29] Bourbatache, K. Millet, O. and Aí¯t-Mokhtar, A. Ionic transfer in charged porous media. Periodic homogenization and parametric study on 2D microstructures, Int. J. Heat Mass Transf., 55 (2012): 5979–5991.
[30] Sposito, G. "The Chemistry of Soils Oxford Univ." Press, New York, USA (1989).
[31] Hizal, J. and Apak, R. Modeling of cadmium(II) adsorption on kaolinite-based clays in the absence and presence of humic acid, Appl. Clay Sci., 32 (2006): 232–244.
[32] Srivastava, P. Singh, B. and Angove, M. Competitive adsorption behavior of heavy metals on kaolinite, J. Colloid Interface Sci., 290 (2005), 28–38.
[33] Ikhsan, J. Johnson, B. and Wells, J. A Comparative Study of the Adsorption of Transition Metals on Kaolinite., J. Colloid Interface Sci., 217 (1999): 403–410.
[34] Fletcher, Clive AJ. "Computational techniques for fluid dynamics. Volume 1-Fundamental and general techniques. Volume 2-Specific techniques for different flow categories." In Berlin and New York, Springer-Verlag, 1988, p. Vol. 1, 418 p.; vol. 2, 493 p., vol. 1. 1988.
[35] Rezaee, M. Numerical Modeling of Electrokinetic Remediation of Heavy Metal Contaminated Kaolinite Soil. MS.c. Thesis, Kharazmi University, 2014.
[36] Asadollahfardi, G. Nasrollahi Gisel, M. and Rezaee, M. Electrochemical Remediation Technology"¯: Fundamentals, Benefits and Challenges Third international symposium on environmental and water resource engineering, 2015.
[37] Asadollahfardi, G. Nasrollahi, M. Rezaee, M. and Khodadadi Darban, A. Nickel removal from low permeable kaolin soil under unenhanced and EDTA-enhanced electrokinetic process, Adv. Environ. Res., 2(2017): 147–158.
[38] M. Rezaee, G. Asadollahfardi, Nasrollahi Gisel, M. Mathematical modeling of electrochemical soil decontamination, 10th international congress on civil engineering, 2015.
[39] Asadollahfardi, G. Darban, A. K. Noorifar, N. and Rezaee, M. Mathematical simulation of surfactant flushing process to remediate diesel contaminated sand column, Adv. Environ. Res., 5(2016): 213–224.
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