Statistics on Small Networks in Construction Design Offices
Vol. 11 No. 3 (2025): March
Research Articles
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Doi: 10.28991/CEJ-2025-011-03-02
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Jaramillo, K., Castillo, T., Zarate, A., Andrade, A., & Herrera, R. (2025). Statistics on Small Networks in Construction Design Offices. Civil Engineering Journal, 11(3), 818–833. https://doi.org/10.28991/CEJ-2025-011-03-02
[1] Herrera, R. F., Mourgues, C., Alarcón, L. F., & Pellicer, E. (2020). Understanding Interactions between Design Team Members of Construction Projects Using Social Network Analysis. Journal of Construction Engineering and Management, 146(6), 04020053. doi:10.1061/(asce)co.1943-7862.0001841.
[2] MIT: Open Learning. (2024). Lean thinking part I,” Introduction to Lean Six Sigma Methods. MIT Press, Cambridge, United States.
[3] Radziszewska-Zielina, E., Ššladowski, G., Kania, E., Sroka, B., & Szewczyk, B. (2019). Managing Information Flow in Self-Organising Networks of Communication between Construction Project Participants. Archives of Civil Engineering, 65(2), 133–148. doi:10.2478/ace-2019-0024.
[4] Cherven, K. (2015). Mastering Gephi network visualization. Packt Publishing Ltd, Birmingham, United Kingdom.
[5] Wasserman, S., & Faust, K. (1994). Social Network Analysis. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, United Kingdom. doi:10.1017/cbo9780511815478.
[6] Borgatti, S. P., Agneessens, F., Johnson, J. C., & Everett, M. G. (2024). Analyzing social networks. SAGE Publications Ltd, Thousand Oaks, United States.
[7] Alarcón, D. M., Alarcón, I. M., & Alarcón, L. F. (2013). Social network analysis: A diagnostic tool for information flow in the AEC industry. Proceedings for the 21st Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction, 29 July-2 August, 2013, Fortaleza, Brazil.
[8] Chinowsky, P., Diekmann, J., & Galotti, V. (2008). Social Network Model of Construction. Journal of Construction Engineering and Management, 134(10), 804–812. doi:10.1061/(asce)0733-9364(2008)134:10(804).
[9] Kereri, J. O., & Harper, C. M. (2019). Social Networks and Construction Teams: Literature Review. Journal of Construction Engineering and Management, 145(4), 03119001. doi:10.1061/(asce)co.1943-7862.0001628.
[10] Pirzadeh, P., & Lingard, H. (2017). Understanding the Dynamics of Construction Decision Making and the Impact on Work Health and Safety. Journal of Management in Engineering, 33(5), 05017003. doi:10.1061/(asce)me.1943-5479.0000532.
[11] Pryke, S. (2012). Social network analysis in construction. John Wiley & Sons, Hoboken, United States. doi:10.1002/9781118443132.
[12] Segarra, L., Herrera, R. F., Alarcón, L. F., & Pellicer, E. (2017). Knowledge Management and Information Flow Through Social Networks Analysis in Chilean Architecture Firms. 25th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction, 413–420. doi:10.24928/2017/0244.
[13] Trach, R., & Lendo-Siwicka, M. (2021). Centrality of a communication network of construction project participants and implications for improved project communication. Civil Engineering and Environmental Systems, 38(2), 145–160. doi:10.1080/10286608.2021.1925654.
[14] Bento, A. I., Cruz, C., Fernandes, G., & Ferreira, L. M. D. F. (2024). Social Network Analysis: Applications and New Metrics for Supply Chain Management”A Literature Review. Logistics, 8(1), 15. doi:10.3390/logistics8010015.
[15] Herrera, R. F., Galaz-Delgado, E. I., Atencio, E., Muñoz-La Rivera, F., & Castillo, T. (2023). Assessment Model of Interactions Required in Design Teams in High-Rise Building Projects. Mathematics, 11(14), 3073. doi:10.3390/math11143073.
[16] Malisiovas, A., & Song, X. (2014). Social Network Analysis (SNA) for Construction Projects' Team Communication Structure Optimization. Construction Research Congress 2014, 2032–2042. doi:10.1061/9780784413517.207.
[17] Tribelsky, E., & Sacks, R. (2011). An empirical study of information flows in multidisciplinary civil engineering design teams using lean measures. Architectural Engineering and Design Management, 7(2), 85–101. doi:10.1080/17452007.2011.582332.
[18] Ding, X., Shen, W., & Wang, S. (2024). Centralized or Decentralized? Communication Network and Collective Effectiveness of PBOs”A Task Urgency Perspective. Buildings, 14(2), 448. doi:10.3390/buildings14020448.
[19] Castillo, T., Herrera, R. F., & Alarcón, L. F. (2023). The Quality of Small Social Networks and Their Performance in Architecture Design Offices. Journal of Construction Engineering and Management, 149(2). doi:10.1061/jcemd4.coeng-12120.
[20] RAIC. (2019). Canadian Handbook of Practice for Architects. Royal Architectural Institute of Canada (RAIC), Ottawa, Canada. Available online: https://raic.org/ (accessed on February 2025).
[21] Ššladowski, G., Radziszewska-Zielina, E., & Kania, E. (2019). Analysis of Self-Organising Networks of Communication Between the Participants of a Housing Complex Construction Project. Archives of Civil Engineering, 65(1), 181–195. doi:10.2478/ace-2019-0013.
[22] Wang, S., Chiclana, F., Chang, J. L., Xing, Y., & Wu, J. (2024). A minimum cost-maximum consensus jointly driven feedback mechanism under harmonious structure in social network group decision making. Expert Systems with Applications, 238, 122358. doi:10.1016/j.eswa.2023.122358.
[23] Mische, A. (2014). Relational Sociology, Culture, and Agency. The SAGE Handbook of Social Network Analysis, 80–98, Sage Publishing, Thousand Oaks, United States. doi:10.4135/9781446294413.n7.
[24] Mathias, N., & Gopal, V. (2001). Small worlds: How and why. Physical Review E - Statistical Physics, Plasmas, Fluids, and Related Interdisciplinary Topics, 63(2), 12. doi:10.1103/PhysRevE.63.021117.
[25] Cohen, E. A., & Barabási, A.-L. (2002). Linked: The New Science of Networks. Foreign Affairs, 81(5), 204. doi:10.2307/20033300.
[26] Hanneman, R. A., & Riddle, M. (2005). Introduction to social network methods. University of California, Oakland, United States. Available online: https://wiki.gonzaga.edu/dpls707/images/6/6e/Introduction_to_Social_Network_Methods.pdf (accessed on February 2025).
[27] Pappi, F. U., & Scott, J. (1993). Social Network Analysis: A Handbook. Contemporary Sociology, 22(1), 128. doi:10.2307/2075047.
[28] Tatti, N. (2016). Hierarchies in directed networks. Proceedings - IEEE International Conference on Data Mining, ICDM, 2016-January, 991–996. doi:10.1109/ICDM.2015.12.
[29] Aggarwal, C. C. (2011). Social Network Data Analytics. Springer, New York, United States. doi:10.1007/978-1-4419-8462-3.
[30] Maktoubian, J., Noori, M., Amini, M., & Ghasempour-Mouziraji, M. (2017). The Hierarchy Structure in Directed and Undirected Signed Networks. International Journal of Communications, Network and System Sciences, 10(10), 209–222. doi:10.4236/ijcns.2017.1010012.
[31] Easley, D., & Kleinberg, J. (2010). Networks, crowds, and markets: Reasoning about a highly connected world.
Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, United Kingdom. doi:10.1017/CBO9780511761942.
[32] Barabási, A. L. (2025). Network Science. Networksciencebook, Mumbai, United Kingdom. Available online: https://networksciencebook.com/ (accessed on February 2025).
[33] Huang, H., Jia, J., Chen, D., & Liu, S. (2024). Evolution of spatial network structure for land-use carbon emissions and carbon balance zoning in Jiangxi Province: A social network analysis perspective. Ecological Indicators, 158, 111508. doi:10.1016/j.ecolind.2023.111508.
[34] Dodds, P. S., Muhamad, R., & Watts, D. J. (2003). An experimental study of search in global social networks. Science, 301(5634), 827–829. doi:10.1126/science.1081058.
[35] Rojas Cano, N. (2018). Introduction to complex networks: The small world model. Environments, 31(2), 60–64. doi:10.25054/01247905.2268.
[36] Watts, D. J., & Strogatz, S. H. (1998). Collective dynamics of 'small-world9 networks. Nature, 393(6684), 440–442. doi:10.1038/30918.
[37] Gallegos, N. A., González, E. G. M., & ívila, J. A. (2017). Social network analysis: Key concepts and calculation of indicators. Universidad Autónoma Chapingo (UACh), Centro de Investigaciones Económicas, Sociales y Tecnológicas de la Agroindustria y la Agricultura Mundial (CIESTAAM). Serie: Met, Chapingo, México. (In Spanish).
[38] Adamic, L., & Adar, E. (2005). How to search a social network. Social Networks, 27(3), 187–203. doi:10.1016/j.socnet.2005.01.007.
[39] Kuz, A., Falco, M., & Giandini, R. (2016). Social Network Analysis: A Practical Case. Computing and Systems, 20(1), 89–106. doi:10.13053/CyS-20-1-2321. (In Spanish).
[40] Krackhardt, D., & Hanson, J. R. (2006). Informal Networks: The Company behind the Chart. Creative Management and Development, 191–196, Sage Publications, Thousand Oaks, United States. doi:10.4135/9781446213704.n15.
[41] Arslan, F. (2016). Social Physics: How Good Ideas Spread-The Lessons from a New Science, by Alex Pentland. Journal of Information Privacy and Security, 12(4), 218–220. doi:10.1080/15536548.2016.1243849.
[42] Ding, X., Feng, L., Huang, Y., & Li, W. (2024). The Interactive Effects of Communication Network Structure and Organizational Size on Task Performance in Project-Based Organizations: The Mediating Role of Bootleg Innovation Behavior. Buildings, 14(1), 98. doi:10.3390/buildings14010098.
[43] Navarro Sánchez, L. A., & Salazar Fernández, J. P. (2007Social network analysis applied to research networks in science and technology. Technological Synthesis, 3(2), 69–86. doi:10.4206/sint.tecnol.2007.v3n2-03.
[44] Daft, R. L., & Armstrong, A. (2021). Organization theory and design. Cengage Canada, Boston, United States.
[45] Borgatti, S. P., Everett, M. G., & Freeman, L. C. (2002). UCINET 6 for Windows: Software for social network analysis (Version 6.102). Analytic Technologies Inc., Lexington, United States.
[46] CRAN (2024) R: A Language and Environment for Statistical Computing. R Foundation for Statistical Computing, R Core Team, Vienna, Austria.
[47] Imai, K., & Bougher, L. D. (2021). Quantitative social science: An introduction in Stata. Princeton University Press, Princeton, United States.
[48] Hanneman, R. A., & Riddle, M. (2011). Concepts and measures for basic network analysis. The SAGE Handbook of Social Network Analysis, 340-369.
[49] Newman, M. E. J. (2002). Assortative Mixing in Networks. Physical Review Letters, 89(20), 208701. doi:10.1103/PhysRevLett.89.208701.
[50] Ravasz, E., & Barabási, A.-L. (2003). Hierarchical organization in complex networks. Physical Review E, 67(2), 026112. doi:10.1103/physreve.67.026112.
[51] Peck, R., Short, T., & Olsen, C. (2020). Introduction to statistics and data analysis. Cengage Learning, Boston, United States.
[52] Zhang, S., Zhang, W., Bu, Z., & Zhang, X. (2024). ClusterLP: A novel Cluster-aware Link Prediction model in undirected and directed graphs. International Journal of Approximate Reasoning, 172, 109216. doi:10.1016/j.ijar.2024.109216.
[53] Chauvet, V., Chollet, B., Soda, G., & Huault, I. (2011). The contribution of network research to managerial culture and practice. European Management Journal, 29(5), 321–334. doi:10.1016/j.emj.2011.06.005.
[54] Gilbert, F., Simonetto, P., Zaidi, F., Jourdan, F., & Bourqui, R. (2011). Communities and hierarchical structures in dynamic social networks: analysis and visualization. Social Network Analysis and Mining, 1(2), 83-95.
[55] Cataldo, M., Herbsleb, J. D., & Carley, K. M. (2008). Socio-technical congruence. Proceedings of the Second ACM-IEEE International Symposium on Empirical Software Engineering and Measurement, 2–11. doi:10.1145/1414004.1414008.
[2] MIT: Open Learning. (2024). Lean thinking part I,” Introduction to Lean Six Sigma Methods. MIT Press, Cambridge, United States.
[3] Radziszewska-Zielina, E., Ššladowski, G., Kania, E., Sroka, B., & Szewczyk, B. (2019). Managing Information Flow in Self-Organising Networks of Communication between Construction Project Participants. Archives of Civil Engineering, 65(2), 133–148. doi:10.2478/ace-2019-0024.
[4] Cherven, K. (2015). Mastering Gephi network visualization. Packt Publishing Ltd, Birmingham, United Kingdom.
[5] Wasserman, S., & Faust, K. (1994). Social Network Analysis. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, United Kingdom. doi:10.1017/cbo9780511815478.
[6] Borgatti, S. P., Agneessens, F., Johnson, J. C., & Everett, M. G. (2024). Analyzing social networks. SAGE Publications Ltd, Thousand Oaks, United States.
[7] Alarcón, D. M., Alarcón, I. M., & Alarcón, L. F. (2013). Social network analysis: A diagnostic tool for information flow in the AEC industry. Proceedings for the 21st Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction, 29 July-2 August, 2013, Fortaleza, Brazil.
[8] Chinowsky, P., Diekmann, J., & Galotti, V. (2008). Social Network Model of Construction. Journal of Construction Engineering and Management, 134(10), 804–812. doi:10.1061/(asce)0733-9364(2008)134:10(804).
[9] Kereri, J. O., & Harper, C. M. (2019). Social Networks and Construction Teams: Literature Review. Journal of Construction Engineering and Management, 145(4), 03119001. doi:10.1061/(asce)co.1943-7862.0001628.
[10] Pirzadeh, P., & Lingard, H. (2017). Understanding the Dynamics of Construction Decision Making and the Impact on Work Health and Safety. Journal of Management in Engineering, 33(5), 05017003. doi:10.1061/(asce)me.1943-5479.0000532.
[11] Pryke, S. (2012). Social network analysis in construction. John Wiley & Sons, Hoboken, United States. doi:10.1002/9781118443132.
[12] Segarra, L., Herrera, R. F., Alarcón, L. F., & Pellicer, E. (2017). Knowledge Management and Information Flow Through Social Networks Analysis in Chilean Architecture Firms. 25th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction, 413–420. doi:10.24928/2017/0244.
[13] Trach, R., & Lendo-Siwicka, M. (2021). Centrality of a communication network of construction project participants and implications for improved project communication. Civil Engineering and Environmental Systems, 38(2), 145–160. doi:10.1080/10286608.2021.1925654.
[14] Bento, A. I., Cruz, C., Fernandes, G., & Ferreira, L. M. D. F. (2024). Social Network Analysis: Applications and New Metrics for Supply Chain Management”A Literature Review. Logistics, 8(1), 15. doi:10.3390/logistics8010015.
[15] Herrera, R. F., Galaz-Delgado, E. I., Atencio, E., Muñoz-La Rivera, F., & Castillo, T. (2023). Assessment Model of Interactions Required in Design Teams in High-Rise Building Projects. Mathematics, 11(14), 3073. doi:10.3390/math11143073.
[16] Malisiovas, A., & Song, X. (2014). Social Network Analysis (SNA) for Construction Projects' Team Communication Structure Optimization. Construction Research Congress 2014, 2032–2042. doi:10.1061/9780784413517.207.
[17] Tribelsky, E., & Sacks, R. (2011). An empirical study of information flows in multidisciplinary civil engineering design teams using lean measures. Architectural Engineering and Design Management, 7(2), 85–101. doi:10.1080/17452007.2011.582332.
[18] Ding, X., Shen, W., & Wang, S. (2024). Centralized or Decentralized? Communication Network and Collective Effectiveness of PBOs”A Task Urgency Perspective. Buildings, 14(2), 448. doi:10.3390/buildings14020448.
[19] Castillo, T., Herrera, R. F., & Alarcón, L. F. (2023). The Quality of Small Social Networks and Their Performance in Architecture Design Offices. Journal of Construction Engineering and Management, 149(2). doi:10.1061/jcemd4.coeng-12120.
[20] RAIC. (2019). Canadian Handbook of Practice for Architects. Royal Architectural Institute of Canada (RAIC), Ottawa, Canada. Available online: https://raic.org/ (accessed on February 2025).
[21] Ššladowski, G., Radziszewska-Zielina, E., & Kania, E. (2019). Analysis of Self-Organising Networks of Communication Between the Participants of a Housing Complex Construction Project. Archives of Civil Engineering, 65(1), 181–195. doi:10.2478/ace-2019-0013.
[22] Wang, S., Chiclana, F., Chang, J. L., Xing, Y., & Wu, J. (2024). A minimum cost-maximum consensus jointly driven feedback mechanism under harmonious structure in social network group decision making. Expert Systems with Applications, 238, 122358. doi:10.1016/j.eswa.2023.122358.
[23] Mische, A. (2014). Relational Sociology, Culture, and Agency. The SAGE Handbook of Social Network Analysis, 80–98, Sage Publishing, Thousand Oaks, United States. doi:10.4135/9781446294413.n7.
[24] Mathias, N., & Gopal, V. (2001). Small worlds: How and why. Physical Review E - Statistical Physics, Plasmas, Fluids, and Related Interdisciplinary Topics, 63(2), 12. doi:10.1103/PhysRevE.63.021117.
[25] Cohen, E. A., & Barabási, A.-L. (2002). Linked: The New Science of Networks. Foreign Affairs, 81(5), 204. doi:10.2307/20033300.
[26] Hanneman, R. A., & Riddle, M. (2005). Introduction to social network methods. University of California, Oakland, United States. Available online: https://wiki.gonzaga.edu/dpls707/images/6/6e/Introduction_to_Social_Network_Methods.pdf (accessed on February 2025).
[27] Pappi, F. U., & Scott, J. (1993). Social Network Analysis: A Handbook. Contemporary Sociology, 22(1), 128. doi:10.2307/2075047.
[28] Tatti, N. (2016). Hierarchies in directed networks. Proceedings - IEEE International Conference on Data Mining, ICDM, 2016-January, 991–996. doi:10.1109/ICDM.2015.12.
[29] Aggarwal, C. C. (2011). Social Network Data Analytics. Springer, New York, United States. doi:10.1007/978-1-4419-8462-3.
[30] Maktoubian, J., Noori, M., Amini, M., & Ghasempour-Mouziraji, M. (2017). The Hierarchy Structure in Directed and Undirected Signed Networks. International Journal of Communications, Network and System Sciences, 10(10), 209–222. doi:10.4236/ijcns.2017.1010012.
[31] Easley, D., & Kleinberg, J. (2010). Networks, crowds, and markets: Reasoning about a highly connected world.
Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, United Kingdom. doi:10.1017/CBO9780511761942.
[32] Barabási, A. L. (2025). Network Science. Networksciencebook, Mumbai, United Kingdom. Available online: https://networksciencebook.com/ (accessed on February 2025).
[33] Huang, H., Jia, J., Chen, D., & Liu, S. (2024). Evolution of spatial network structure for land-use carbon emissions and carbon balance zoning in Jiangxi Province: A social network analysis perspective. Ecological Indicators, 158, 111508. doi:10.1016/j.ecolind.2023.111508.
[34] Dodds, P. S., Muhamad, R., & Watts, D. J. (2003). An experimental study of search in global social networks. Science, 301(5634), 827–829. doi:10.1126/science.1081058.
[35] Rojas Cano, N. (2018). Introduction to complex networks: The small world model. Environments, 31(2), 60–64. doi:10.25054/01247905.2268.
[36] Watts, D. J., & Strogatz, S. H. (1998). Collective dynamics of 'small-world9 networks. Nature, 393(6684), 440–442. doi:10.1038/30918.
[37] Gallegos, N. A., González, E. G. M., & ívila, J. A. (2017). Social network analysis: Key concepts and calculation of indicators. Universidad Autónoma Chapingo (UACh), Centro de Investigaciones Económicas, Sociales y Tecnológicas de la Agroindustria y la Agricultura Mundial (CIESTAAM). Serie: Met, Chapingo, México. (In Spanish).
[38] Adamic, L., & Adar, E. (2005). How to search a social network. Social Networks, 27(3), 187–203. doi:10.1016/j.socnet.2005.01.007.
[39] Kuz, A., Falco, M., & Giandini, R. (2016). Social Network Analysis: A Practical Case. Computing and Systems, 20(1), 89–106. doi:10.13053/CyS-20-1-2321. (In Spanish).
[40] Krackhardt, D., & Hanson, J. R. (2006). Informal Networks: The Company behind the Chart. Creative Management and Development, 191–196, Sage Publications, Thousand Oaks, United States. doi:10.4135/9781446213704.n15.
[41] Arslan, F. (2016). Social Physics: How Good Ideas Spread-The Lessons from a New Science, by Alex Pentland. Journal of Information Privacy and Security, 12(4), 218–220. doi:10.1080/15536548.2016.1243849.
[42] Ding, X., Feng, L., Huang, Y., & Li, W. (2024). The Interactive Effects of Communication Network Structure and Organizational Size on Task Performance in Project-Based Organizations: The Mediating Role of Bootleg Innovation Behavior. Buildings, 14(1), 98. doi:10.3390/buildings14010098.
[43] Navarro Sánchez, L. A., & Salazar Fernández, J. P. (2007Social network analysis applied to research networks in science and technology. Technological Synthesis, 3(2), 69–86. doi:10.4206/sint.tecnol.2007.v3n2-03.
[44] Daft, R. L., & Armstrong, A. (2021). Organization theory and design. Cengage Canada, Boston, United States.
[45] Borgatti, S. P., Everett, M. G., & Freeman, L. C. (2002). UCINET 6 for Windows: Software for social network analysis (Version 6.102). Analytic Technologies Inc., Lexington, United States.
[46] CRAN (2024) R: A Language and Environment for Statistical Computing. R Foundation for Statistical Computing, R Core Team, Vienna, Austria.
[47] Imai, K., & Bougher, L. D. (2021). Quantitative social science: An introduction in Stata. Princeton University Press, Princeton, United States.
[48] Hanneman, R. A., & Riddle, M. (2011). Concepts and measures for basic network analysis. The SAGE Handbook of Social Network Analysis, 340-369.
[49] Newman, M. E. J. (2002). Assortative Mixing in Networks. Physical Review Letters, 89(20), 208701. doi:10.1103/PhysRevLett.89.208701.
[50] Ravasz, E., & Barabási, A.-L. (2003). Hierarchical organization in complex networks. Physical Review E, 67(2), 026112. doi:10.1103/physreve.67.026112.
[51] Peck, R., Short, T., & Olsen, C. (2020). Introduction to statistics and data analysis. Cengage Learning, Boston, United States.
[52] Zhang, S., Zhang, W., Bu, Z., & Zhang, X. (2024). ClusterLP: A novel Cluster-aware Link Prediction model in undirected and directed graphs. International Journal of Approximate Reasoning, 172, 109216. doi:10.1016/j.ijar.2024.109216.
[53] Chauvet, V., Chollet, B., Soda, G., & Huault, I. (2011). The contribution of network research to managerial culture and practice. European Management Journal, 29(5), 321–334. doi:10.1016/j.emj.2011.06.005.
[54] Gilbert, F., Simonetto, P., Zaidi, F., Jourdan, F., & Bourqui, R. (2011). Communities and hierarchical structures in dynamic social networks: analysis and visualization. Social Network Analysis and Mining, 1(2), 83-95.
[55] Cataldo, M., Herbsleb, J. D., & Carley, K. M. (2008). Socio-technical congruence. Proceedings of the Second ACM-IEEE International Symposium on Empirical Software Engineering and Measurement, 2–11. doi:10.1145/1414004.1414008.
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