Evaluation of Softening of Clayey Soil Stabilized with Sewage Sludge Ash and Lime
Vol. 4 No. 4 (2018): April
Research Articles
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Production of sewage sludge have raised increasing concerns due to negative environmental effect. Sewage Sludge Ash (SSA) is used as a new type of additive for clay. Laboratory tests were performed on clay samples to study the mechanism of sewage sludge ash (SSA) and Hydrated Lime (HL) soil stabilization. Different SSA contents (0, 5, 10, 15%) and hydrated lime (0, 1, 3 and 5%) were added to the soil samples. 288 samples were prepared, and unconfined compressive strength tests were carried out. The samples were tested under optimum water content and also saturated conditions with three replications. The results of the coefficient of softening indicated that by adding SSA and hydrated lime to clay soil simultaneously, the stabilized clay soils can be applied in the moist and saturated condition. According to the results, the samples of SSA contents 0% with hydrated lime 5% and SSA contents 10% with hydrated lime 5% can be placed in the vicinity of moisture.
Norouzian, K., Abbasi, N., & Abedi Koupai, J. (2018). Evaluation of Softening of Clayey Soil Stabilized with Sewage Sludge Ash and Lime. Civil Engineering Journal, 4(4), 743–754. https://doi.org/10.28991/cej-0309129
[1] Hamidi, S., and Marandi, S. M. "Clay concrete and effect of clay minerals types on stabilized soft clay soils by epoxy resin.” Applied Clay Science (2018): 92- 101. DOI: 10.1016/j.clay.2017.10.010.
[2] Abbasi, N., and Nazifi, M. H. "Assessment and Modification of Sherard Chemical Method for Evaluation of Dispersion Potential of Soils.” Journal Geotechnical and Geological Engineering (2013): 337-349. DOI: 10.1007/s10706-012-9573-7.
[3] Estabragh, N., Khatibi, M., and Javadi, A. A. "Effect of Cement on Treatment of a Clay Soil Contaminated with Glycerol.” Journal of Materials in Civil Engineering (2016): 241- 247. DOI: 10.1061/(ASCE)MT.1943-5533.0001443.
[4] Rahimi H., Abbasi N., and Shantia, H., "Application of geomembrane to control piping of sandy soil under concrete canal lining (case study: Moghan irrigation project, Iran),” Journal of Irrigation and Drainage (2011): 330-337. DOI: 10.1002/ird.574
[5] Abbasi N., Bahramloo R., Movahedan N., "Strategic planning for remediation and optimization of irrigation and drainage networks: a case study for Iran.” Agric. Agric. Sci. Procedia (2015): 211–221. DOI: 10.1016/j.aaspro.2015.03.025.
[6] Abbasi, N., Farjad, A. and Sepehri, S., "The use of nanoclay particles for stabilization of dispersive clayey soils.” Geotechnical and Geological Engineering (2017). DOI: 10.1007/s10706-017-0330-9.
[7] Cristelo, A., Glendinning, S., Fernandes, L., and Teixeira Pinto, A. "Effects of alkaline-activated fly ash and Portland cement on soft soil stabilisation.” Acta Geotechnica (2013): 395- 405. DOI: 10.1007/s11440-012-0200-9.
[8] Lin, D.F., Lin, K. L., Hung, M. J., and Luo, H. L. "Sludge Ash/Hydrated Lime on The Geotechnical Properties of Soft Soil.” Journal of Hazardous Materials (2007): 58- 64. DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2008.05.087.
[9] Chen, L., and Lin, D. F. "Stabilization Treatment of Soft Subgrade Soil by Sewage Sludge Ash and Cement.” Journal of Hazardous Materials (2009): 321- 327. DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2008.05.060.
[10] Sakr, M. A., Shahin, M. A., and Metwally, Y. M. "Utilization of Lime for Stabilizing Soft Clay Soil of High Organic Content.” Geotechnical and Geological Engineering (2009): 105- 113. DOI:10.1007/s10706-008-9215-2.
[11] Yilmaz, I., and Civelekoglu, B "Gypsum: An Additive for Stabilization of Swelling Clay Soils.” Applied Clay Science (2009): 166-172. DOI: 10.1016/j.clay.2009.01.020.
[12] Pradhan, P. K., and Sahoo, J. D. P. "Effect of Lime Stabilized Soil Cushion on Strength Behaviour of Expansive Soil.” Geotechnical and Geological Engineering (2010): 889- 897. DOI:10.1007/s10706-010-9332-6.
[13] Seco, A., Ramírez, F., Miqueleiz, L., and García, B. "Stabilization of Expansive Soils for Use in Construction.” Applied Clay Science (2011): 348-352. DOI: 10.1016/j.clay.2010.12.027.
[14] Maaitah, O. N. "Soil Stabilization by Chemical Agent.” Geotechnical and Geological Engineering (2012): 1345- 1356. DOI:10.1007/s10706-012-9549-7.
[15] Al Adili, A., Azzam, R., Spagnoli, G., and Schrader, J. "Strength of Reinforced with Fiber Materials (Papyrus).” Soil Mechanics and Foundation Engineering (2012): 241- 247. DOI: 10.1007/s11204-012-9154-z.
[16] Tempest, Q. B., and Pando, M. A. "Characterization and Demonstration of Reuse Applications of Sewage Sludge Ash.” International Journal of Geomate (2013): 552- 559. DOI: 10.21660/2013.8.1620.
[17] Ahmed, A. "Compressive strength and microstructure of soft clay soil stabilized with recycled basanite.” Applied Clay Science (2015): 27- 35. DOI: 10.1016/j.clay.2014.11.031.
[18] Gao, L., Ren, Zh., and Yu, X. "Experimental Study of Nanometer Magnesium Oxide-Modified Clay.” Soil Mechanics and Foundation Engineering (2015): 218- 224. DOI: 10.1007/s11204-015-9331-y.
[19] Modarres, A., and Mohammadi Nosoudy, Y. "Clay stabilization using coal waste and lime- Technical and environmental impacts.” Applied Clay Science (2015): 281- 288. DOI: 10.1016/j.clay.2015.03.026.
[20] Mousavi, S. E. "Stabilization of compacted clay with cement and/ or lime containing peat ash.” Road Materials and Pavement Design (2016): 1304- 1321. DOI: 10.1080/14680629.2016.1212729.
[21] Mousavi, S. E."Utilization of Silica Fume to Maximize the Filler and Pozzolanic Effects of Stabilized Soil with Cement.” Road Materials and Pavement Design (2016): Geotechnical and Geological Engineering (2017): 77- 87. DOI: 10.1007/s10706-017-0305-x.
[22] Norouzian, K., Abbasi, N., and Abedi Koupai, J. "Use of Sewage Sludge Ash and Hydrated Lime to Improve the Engineering Properties of Clayey Soils,” Geotechnical and Geological Engineering (2017). DOI:10.1007/s10706-017-0411-9.
[23] ASTM D 422-63. "Standard Test Method for Particle Size Analysis of Soils.” Annual book of ASTM standards, ASTM international, Philadelphia (2007).
[24] ASTM D 854-10. "Standard Test Method for Specific Gravity of Soils.” Annual book of ASTM standards, ASTM international, Philadelphia (2012).
[25] ASTM D 2487-11. "Standard Practice for Classification of Soils for Engineering Purposes (Unified Soil Classification System).” Annual book of ASTM standards, ASTM international, Philadelphia. (2012).
[26] ASTM D 4318-10. "Standard Test Methods for Liquid Limit, Plastic Limit, and Plasticity Index of Soils.” Annual book of ASTM standards, ASTM international, Philadelphia. (2012).
[27] Rahimi, H. "Building Materials”, University of Tehran Press, Tehran, Iran (2017).
[28] ASTM D 2166-00. "Standard Test Method for Unconfined Compressive Strength of Cohesive Soil.” Annual book of ASTM standards, ASTM international, Philadelphia. (2012).
[29] ASTM D 4609-00. "Standard Guide for Evaluating Effectiveness of Admixtures for Soil Stabilization.” Annual book of ASTM standards, ASTM international, Philadelphia.
[2] Abbasi, N., and Nazifi, M. H. "Assessment and Modification of Sherard Chemical Method for Evaluation of Dispersion Potential of Soils.” Journal Geotechnical and Geological Engineering (2013): 337-349. DOI: 10.1007/s10706-012-9573-7.
[3] Estabragh, N., Khatibi, M., and Javadi, A. A. "Effect of Cement on Treatment of a Clay Soil Contaminated with Glycerol.” Journal of Materials in Civil Engineering (2016): 241- 247. DOI: 10.1061/(ASCE)MT.1943-5533.0001443.
[4] Rahimi H., Abbasi N., and Shantia, H., "Application of geomembrane to control piping of sandy soil under concrete canal lining (case study: Moghan irrigation project, Iran),” Journal of Irrigation and Drainage (2011): 330-337. DOI: 10.1002/ird.574
[5] Abbasi N., Bahramloo R., Movahedan N., "Strategic planning for remediation and optimization of irrigation and drainage networks: a case study for Iran.” Agric. Agric. Sci. Procedia (2015): 211–221. DOI: 10.1016/j.aaspro.2015.03.025.
[6] Abbasi, N., Farjad, A. and Sepehri, S., "The use of nanoclay particles for stabilization of dispersive clayey soils.” Geotechnical and Geological Engineering (2017). DOI: 10.1007/s10706-017-0330-9.
[7] Cristelo, A., Glendinning, S., Fernandes, L., and Teixeira Pinto, A. "Effects of alkaline-activated fly ash and Portland cement on soft soil stabilisation.” Acta Geotechnica (2013): 395- 405. DOI: 10.1007/s11440-012-0200-9.
[8] Lin, D.F., Lin, K. L., Hung, M. J., and Luo, H. L. "Sludge Ash/Hydrated Lime on The Geotechnical Properties of Soft Soil.” Journal of Hazardous Materials (2007): 58- 64. DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2008.05.087.
[9] Chen, L., and Lin, D. F. "Stabilization Treatment of Soft Subgrade Soil by Sewage Sludge Ash and Cement.” Journal of Hazardous Materials (2009): 321- 327. DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2008.05.060.
[10] Sakr, M. A., Shahin, M. A., and Metwally, Y. M. "Utilization of Lime for Stabilizing Soft Clay Soil of High Organic Content.” Geotechnical and Geological Engineering (2009): 105- 113. DOI:10.1007/s10706-008-9215-2.
[11] Yilmaz, I., and Civelekoglu, B "Gypsum: An Additive for Stabilization of Swelling Clay Soils.” Applied Clay Science (2009): 166-172. DOI: 10.1016/j.clay.2009.01.020.
[12] Pradhan, P. K., and Sahoo, J. D. P. "Effect of Lime Stabilized Soil Cushion on Strength Behaviour of Expansive Soil.” Geotechnical and Geological Engineering (2010): 889- 897. DOI:10.1007/s10706-010-9332-6.
[13] Seco, A., Ramírez, F., Miqueleiz, L., and García, B. "Stabilization of Expansive Soils for Use in Construction.” Applied Clay Science (2011): 348-352. DOI: 10.1016/j.clay.2010.12.027.
[14] Maaitah, O. N. "Soil Stabilization by Chemical Agent.” Geotechnical and Geological Engineering (2012): 1345- 1356. DOI:10.1007/s10706-012-9549-7.
[15] Al Adili, A., Azzam, R., Spagnoli, G., and Schrader, J. "Strength of Reinforced with Fiber Materials (Papyrus).” Soil Mechanics and Foundation Engineering (2012): 241- 247. DOI: 10.1007/s11204-012-9154-z.
[16] Tempest, Q. B., and Pando, M. A. "Characterization and Demonstration of Reuse Applications of Sewage Sludge Ash.” International Journal of Geomate (2013): 552- 559. DOI: 10.21660/2013.8.1620.
[17] Ahmed, A. "Compressive strength and microstructure of soft clay soil stabilized with recycled basanite.” Applied Clay Science (2015): 27- 35. DOI: 10.1016/j.clay.2014.11.031.
[18] Gao, L., Ren, Zh., and Yu, X. "Experimental Study of Nanometer Magnesium Oxide-Modified Clay.” Soil Mechanics and Foundation Engineering (2015): 218- 224. DOI: 10.1007/s11204-015-9331-y.
[19] Modarres, A., and Mohammadi Nosoudy, Y. "Clay stabilization using coal waste and lime- Technical and environmental impacts.” Applied Clay Science (2015): 281- 288. DOI: 10.1016/j.clay.2015.03.026.
[20] Mousavi, S. E. "Stabilization of compacted clay with cement and/ or lime containing peat ash.” Road Materials and Pavement Design (2016): 1304- 1321. DOI: 10.1080/14680629.2016.1212729.
[21] Mousavi, S. E."Utilization of Silica Fume to Maximize the Filler and Pozzolanic Effects of Stabilized Soil with Cement.” Road Materials and Pavement Design (2016): Geotechnical and Geological Engineering (2017): 77- 87. DOI: 10.1007/s10706-017-0305-x.
[22] Norouzian, K., Abbasi, N., and Abedi Koupai, J. "Use of Sewage Sludge Ash and Hydrated Lime to Improve the Engineering Properties of Clayey Soils,” Geotechnical and Geological Engineering (2017). DOI:10.1007/s10706-017-0411-9.
[23] ASTM D 422-63. "Standard Test Method for Particle Size Analysis of Soils.” Annual book of ASTM standards, ASTM international, Philadelphia (2007).
[24] ASTM D 854-10. "Standard Test Method for Specific Gravity of Soils.” Annual book of ASTM standards, ASTM international, Philadelphia (2012).
[25] ASTM D 2487-11. "Standard Practice for Classification of Soils for Engineering Purposes (Unified Soil Classification System).” Annual book of ASTM standards, ASTM international, Philadelphia. (2012).
[26] ASTM D 4318-10. "Standard Test Methods for Liquid Limit, Plastic Limit, and Plasticity Index of Soils.” Annual book of ASTM standards, ASTM international, Philadelphia. (2012).
[27] Rahimi, H. "Building Materials”, University of Tehran Press, Tehran, Iran (2017).
[28] ASTM D 2166-00. "Standard Test Method for Unconfined Compressive Strength of Cohesive Soil.” Annual book of ASTM standards, ASTM international, Philadelphia. (2012).
[29] ASTM D 4609-00. "Standard Guide for Evaluating Effectiveness of Admixtures for Soil Stabilization.” Annual book of ASTM standards, ASTM international, Philadelphia.
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