Investigation of Strength Parameters of PVA Fiber-Reinforced Fly Ash-Soil Mixtures in Large-Scale Direct Shear Apparatus
Vol. 4 No. 11 (2018): November
Research Articles
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Soil reinforcement is an old and still efficient technique in improving soil strength and stiffness properties. Current paper aims at quantifying the effects of different inclusions on mechanical behavior of fiber-reinforced cemented soil. An experimental program was conducted to study simultaneous effects of randomly oriented fiber inclusions and cement stabilization on the geotechnical characteristics of fly ash-soil mixtures. Chamkhaleh sand, polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) fiber, cement and fly ash with some water were mixed and compacted into large scale direct shear apparatus with three equal layers. PVA fibers were randomly distributed in three compacted layers at predetermined weight contents. Direct shear tests were carried out on fly ash-soil specimens prepared with different cement, fly ash and polyvinyl alcohol contents, and 7 different curing periods. Results show that cement increases the strength of the raw fly ash-soil specimens. The fiber inclusion further increases the strength of the cemented and uncemented soil specimens and transforms their brittle behavior to ductile behavior. The fiber reinforcement and distribution throughout the entire specimen results in a significant increase in the strength of fly ash -soil- cement mixtures.
[1] Asghari E, Toll DG, Haeri SM. Triaxial Behaviour of a Cemented Gravely Sand, Tehran Alluvium. Geotech. Geol. Eng. 2003; 21(1): 1–28, doi: 10.1023/A:1022934624666.
[2] Horiuchi S, Taketsuka M, Odawara T, Kawasaki H. Fly-Ash Slurry Island: I. Theoretical and Experimental Investigations. J. Mater. Civ. Eng. 1992; 4(2): 117–133, doi: 10.1061/(ASCE) 0899-1561(1992)4:2(117).
[3] Kawasaki H, Horiuchi S, Akatsuka M, Sano S. Fly-Ash Slurry Island: II. Construction in Hakucho Ohashi Project. J. Mater. Civ. Eng. 1992; 4(2): 134–152, doi: 10.1061/ (ASCE) 0899-1561(1992)4:2(134).
[4] Kitazume, Masaki. "Centrifuge Mode Tests on Failure of Cement Stabilized Fly Ash Ground.” Soils and Foundations 38, no. 3 (1998): 143–152. doi:10.3208/sandf.38.3_143.
[5] Ismail, M A. "Performance of Cement-Stabilized Retaining Walls.” Canadian Geotechnical Journal 42, no. 3 (June 2005): 876–891. doi:10.1139/t05-021.
[6] Schnaid, Fernando, Pedro D. M. Prietto, and Nilo C. Consoli. "Characterization of Cemented Sand in Triaxial Compression.” Journal of Geotechnical and Geoenvironmental Engineering 127, no. 10 (October 2001): 857–868. doi:10.1061/(asce)1090-0241(2001)127:10(857).
[7] Consoli, Nilo C., Pedro D. M. Prietto, and Luciane A. Ulbrich. "Influence of Fiber and Cement Addition on Behavior of Sandy Soil.” Journal of Geotechnical and Geoenvironmental Engineering 124, no. 12 (December 1998): 1211–1214. doi:10.1061/(asce)1090-0241(1998)124:12(1211).
[8] Consoli, Nilo Cesar, Márcio Antonio Vendruscolo, and Pedro Domingos Marques Prietto. "Behavior of Plate Load Tests on Soil Layers Improved with Cement and Fiber.” Journal of Geotechnical and Geoenvironmental Engineering 129, no. 1 (January 2003): 96–101. doi:10.1061/(asce)1090-0241(2003)129:1(96).
[9] Kaniraj, Shenbaga R., and Vasant G. Havanagi. "Behavior of Cement-Stabilized Fiber-Reinforced Fly Ash-Soil Mixtures.” Journal of Geotechnical and Geoenvironmental Engineering 127, no. 7 (July 2001): 574–584. doi:10.1061/(asce)1090-0241(2001)127:7(574).
[10] Pincus, HJ, MH Maher, and YC Ho. "Behavior of Fiber-Reinforced Cemented Sand under Static and Cyclic Loads.” Geotechnical Testing Journal 16, no. 3 (1993): 330. doi:10.1520/gtj10054j.
[11] Mitchell, James Kenneth. "Soil improvement-state of the art report." In Proc., 11th Int. Conf. on SMFE, vol. 4, pp. 509-565. 1981.
[12] Brown RW. Practical Foundation Engineering Handbook McGraw-Hill New York. USA Google Sch. 1996.
[13] Gray, Donald H., and Talal Al"Refeai. "Behavior of Fabric"Versus Fiber"Reinforced Sand.” Journal of Geotechnical Engineering 112, no. 8 (August 1986): 804–820. doi:10.1061/(asce)0733-9410(1986)112:8(804).
[14] Gray, D. H., and M. H. Maher. "Admixture Stabilization of Sand with Discrete Randomly Distributed Fibers." In Proceedings of XII International Conference on Soil Mechanics and Foundation Engineering, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, vol. 2, pp. 1363-1366. 1989.
[15] Al-Refeai, Talal O. "Behavior of Granular Soils Reinforced with Discrete Randomly Oriented Inclusions.” Geotextiles and Geomembranes 10, no. 4 (January 1991): 319–333. doi:10.1016/0266-1144(91)90009-l.
[16] Michalowski, Radoslaw L., and Aigen Zhao. "Failure of Fiber-Reinforced Granular Soils.” Journal of Geotechnical Engineering 122, no. 3 (March 1996): 226–234. doi:10.1061/(asce)0733-9410(1996)122:3(226).
[17] Michalowski, Radoslaw L., and Jan ÄŒermák. "Triaxial Compression of Sand Reinforced with Fibers.” Journal of Geotechnical and Geoenvironmental Engineering 129, no. 2 (February 2003): 125–136. doi:10.1061/(asce)1090-0241(2003)129:2(125).
[18] Ranjan, Gopal, R. M. Vasan, and H. D. Charan. "Probabilistic Analysis of Randomly Distributed Fiber-Reinforced Soil.” Journal of Geotechnical Engineering 122, no. 6 (June 1996): 419–426. doi:10.1061/(asce)0733-9410(1996)122:6(419).
[19] Consoli, Nilo Cesar, Júlio Portella Montardo, Pedro Domingos Marques Prietto, and Giovana Savitri Pasa. "Engineering Behavior of a Sand Reinforced with Plastic Waste.” Journal of Geotechnical and Geoenvironmental Engineering 128, no. 6 (June 2002): 462–472. doi:10.1061/(asce)1090-0241(2002)128:6(462).
[20] Kumar, Sanjeev, and Everett Tabor. "Strength characteristics of silty clay reinforced with randomly oriented nylon fibers." Electronic Journal of Geotechnical Engineering 8, no. 2 (2003): 10.
[21] Khattak, Mohammad J., and Mohammad Alrashidi. "Mechanistic Characteristics of Processed Cellulose-Fiber Reinforced Soil-Cement Mixtures.” Advances in Pavement Engineering (October 9, 2005). doi:10.1061/40776(155)8.
[22] Mo Y, Hongtao P, Tingwu L, Suping Y, Zhang X. Optimization Design of Parameters for the Reinforcement of Soil–cement Mixtures with Fiberic Glass. In. Proc. 99 Int. Conf. Agric. Eng., Beijing, China. 1999.
[23] Gaspard KJ, Mohammad L, Wu Z. Laboratory Mechanistic Evaluation of Soil Cement Mixtures with Fibrillated-Polypropylene-Fibers. In. 82nd Transp. Res. Board Annu. Meet. January. 2003; 12–16.
[24] Jamshidi Chenari RJ, Fatahi B, Ghorbani A, Nasiri Alamoti M. Evaluation of strength properties of cement stabilized sand mixed with EPS beads and fly ash. Geomechanics and Engineering. 2018 Apr 30;14(6):533-44, doi: 10.12989/gae.2018.14.6.533.
[25] Jadhao, Pradip D., and P. B. Nagarnaik. "Influence of polypropylene fibers on engineering behavior of soil− fly ash mixtures for road construction." Electronic Journal of Geotechnical Engineering 13 (2008): 1-11.
[26] Kumar, Praveen, and Shalendra Pratap Singh. "Fiber-Reinforced Fly Ash Subbases in Rural Roads.” Journal of Transportation Engineering 134, no. 4 (April 2008): 171–180. doi:10.1061/(asce)0733-947x(2008)134:4(171).
[27] Chauhan, Mahipal Singh, Satyendra Mittal, and Bijayananda Mohanty. "Performance Evaluation of Silty Sand Subgrade Reinforced with Fly Ash and Fibre.” Geotextiles and Geomembranes 26, no. 5 (October 2008): 429–435. doi:10.1016/j.geotexmem.2008.02.001.
[28] Sadek, Salah, Shadi S. Najjar, and Fadi Freiha. "Shear Strength of Fiber-Reinforced Sands.” Journal of Geotechnical and Geoenvironmental Engineering 136, no. 3 (March 2010): 490–499. doi:10.1061/(asce)gt.1943-5606.0000235.
[29] Mishra M, Maheshwari UK, Saxena NK. Improving Strength of Soil Using Fiber and Fly Ash-A Review. 2016.
[30] Rout SS, Sahoo MM, Sahoo RR. Influences of Fly Ash and Coir Fiber on Strength Properties of Soft Soil. 2017; 6(10): 1–9.
[31] Deshpande, Saurabh. Sanjay, and M.M Puranik. "Effect of Fly Ash and Polypropylene on the Engineering Properties of Black Cotton Soil.” International Journal of Civil Engineering 4, no. 4 (April 25, 2017): 52–55. doi:10.14445/23488352/ijce-v4i4p111.
[32] Park, Sung-Sik. "Effect of Fiber Reinforcement and Distribution on Unconfined Compressive Strength of Fiber-Reinforced Cemented Sand.” Geotextiles and Geomembranes 27, no. 2 (April 2009): 162–166. doi:10.1016/j.geotexmem.2008.09.001.
[33] Ghiassian, H., R. Jamshidi, and A. R. Tabarsa. "Dynamic Performance of Toyoura Sand Reinforced with Randomly Distributed Carpet Waste Strips.” Geotechnical Earthquake Engineering and Soil Dynamics IV (May 14, 2008). doi:10.1061/40975(318)44.
[34] Jamshidi, R., I. Towhata, H. Ghiassian, and A.R. Tabarsa. "Experimental Evaluation of Dynamic Deformation Characteristics of Sheet Pile Retaining Walls with Fiber Reinforced Backfill.” Soil Dynamics and Earthquake Engineering 30, no. 6 (June 2010): 438–446. doi:10.1016/j.soildyn.2009.12.017.
[35] ASTM, C., 618, 1993. Standard speciation for fly ash and raw or calcined natural pozzolan for uses as a mineral admixture in Portland cement concrete. American Society for Testing and Materials, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, doi: 10.1520/C0618-17A.
[36] Selig, ET, and TS Ingold. "Some Observations on the Laboratory Measurement of Soil-Geotextile Bond.” Geotechnical Testing Journal 5, no. 3 (1982): 57. doi:10.1520/gtj10804j.
[37] Karimpour Fard, Mehran, R. Jamshid Chenari, and F. Soheili. "Shear Strength Characteristics of Sand Mixed with EPS Beads Using Large Direct Shear Apparatus." Electronic Journal of Geotechnical Engineering 20, no. 8 (2015): 2205-2220.
[2] Horiuchi S, Taketsuka M, Odawara T, Kawasaki H. Fly-Ash Slurry Island: I. Theoretical and Experimental Investigations. J. Mater. Civ. Eng. 1992; 4(2): 117–133, doi: 10.1061/(ASCE) 0899-1561(1992)4:2(117).
[3] Kawasaki H, Horiuchi S, Akatsuka M, Sano S. Fly-Ash Slurry Island: II. Construction in Hakucho Ohashi Project. J. Mater. Civ. Eng. 1992; 4(2): 134–152, doi: 10.1061/ (ASCE) 0899-1561(1992)4:2(134).
[4] Kitazume, Masaki. "Centrifuge Mode Tests on Failure of Cement Stabilized Fly Ash Ground.” Soils and Foundations 38, no. 3 (1998): 143–152. doi:10.3208/sandf.38.3_143.
[5] Ismail, M A. "Performance of Cement-Stabilized Retaining Walls.” Canadian Geotechnical Journal 42, no. 3 (June 2005): 876–891. doi:10.1139/t05-021.
[6] Schnaid, Fernando, Pedro D. M. Prietto, and Nilo C. Consoli. "Characterization of Cemented Sand in Triaxial Compression.” Journal of Geotechnical and Geoenvironmental Engineering 127, no. 10 (October 2001): 857–868. doi:10.1061/(asce)1090-0241(2001)127:10(857).
[7] Consoli, Nilo C., Pedro D. M. Prietto, and Luciane A. Ulbrich. "Influence of Fiber and Cement Addition on Behavior of Sandy Soil.” Journal of Geotechnical and Geoenvironmental Engineering 124, no. 12 (December 1998): 1211–1214. doi:10.1061/(asce)1090-0241(1998)124:12(1211).
[8] Consoli, Nilo Cesar, Márcio Antonio Vendruscolo, and Pedro Domingos Marques Prietto. "Behavior of Plate Load Tests on Soil Layers Improved with Cement and Fiber.” Journal of Geotechnical and Geoenvironmental Engineering 129, no. 1 (January 2003): 96–101. doi:10.1061/(asce)1090-0241(2003)129:1(96).
[9] Kaniraj, Shenbaga R., and Vasant G. Havanagi. "Behavior of Cement-Stabilized Fiber-Reinforced Fly Ash-Soil Mixtures.” Journal of Geotechnical and Geoenvironmental Engineering 127, no. 7 (July 2001): 574–584. doi:10.1061/(asce)1090-0241(2001)127:7(574).
[10] Pincus, HJ, MH Maher, and YC Ho. "Behavior of Fiber-Reinforced Cemented Sand under Static and Cyclic Loads.” Geotechnical Testing Journal 16, no. 3 (1993): 330. doi:10.1520/gtj10054j.
[11] Mitchell, James Kenneth. "Soil improvement-state of the art report." In Proc., 11th Int. Conf. on SMFE, vol. 4, pp. 509-565. 1981.
[12] Brown RW. Practical Foundation Engineering Handbook McGraw-Hill New York. USA Google Sch. 1996.
[13] Gray, Donald H., and Talal Al"Refeai. "Behavior of Fabric"Versus Fiber"Reinforced Sand.” Journal of Geotechnical Engineering 112, no. 8 (August 1986): 804–820. doi:10.1061/(asce)0733-9410(1986)112:8(804).
[14] Gray, D. H., and M. H. Maher. "Admixture Stabilization of Sand with Discrete Randomly Distributed Fibers." In Proceedings of XII International Conference on Soil Mechanics and Foundation Engineering, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, vol. 2, pp. 1363-1366. 1989.
[15] Al-Refeai, Talal O. "Behavior of Granular Soils Reinforced with Discrete Randomly Oriented Inclusions.” Geotextiles and Geomembranes 10, no. 4 (January 1991): 319–333. doi:10.1016/0266-1144(91)90009-l.
[16] Michalowski, Radoslaw L., and Aigen Zhao. "Failure of Fiber-Reinforced Granular Soils.” Journal of Geotechnical Engineering 122, no. 3 (March 1996): 226–234. doi:10.1061/(asce)0733-9410(1996)122:3(226).
[17] Michalowski, Radoslaw L., and Jan ÄŒermák. "Triaxial Compression of Sand Reinforced with Fibers.” Journal of Geotechnical and Geoenvironmental Engineering 129, no. 2 (February 2003): 125–136. doi:10.1061/(asce)1090-0241(2003)129:2(125).
[18] Ranjan, Gopal, R. M. Vasan, and H. D. Charan. "Probabilistic Analysis of Randomly Distributed Fiber-Reinforced Soil.” Journal of Geotechnical Engineering 122, no. 6 (June 1996): 419–426. doi:10.1061/(asce)0733-9410(1996)122:6(419).
[19] Consoli, Nilo Cesar, Júlio Portella Montardo, Pedro Domingos Marques Prietto, and Giovana Savitri Pasa. "Engineering Behavior of a Sand Reinforced with Plastic Waste.” Journal of Geotechnical and Geoenvironmental Engineering 128, no. 6 (June 2002): 462–472. doi:10.1061/(asce)1090-0241(2002)128:6(462).
[20] Kumar, Sanjeev, and Everett Tabor. "Strength characteristics of silty clay reinforced with randomly oriented nylon fibers." Electronic Journal of Geotechnical Engineering 8, no. 2 (2003): 10.
[21] Khattak, Mohammad J., and Mohammad Alrashidi. "Mechanistic Characteristics of Processed Cellulose-Fiber Reinforced Soil-Cement Mixtures.” Advances in Pavement Engineering (October 9, 2005). doi:10.1061/40776(155)8.
[22] Mo Y, Hongtao P, Tingwu L, Suping Y, Zhang X. Optimization Design of Parameters for the Reinforcement of Soil–cement Mixtures with Fiberic Glass. In. Proc. 99 Int. Conf. Agric. Eng., Beijing, China. 1999.
[23] Gaspard KJ, Mohammad L, Wu Z. Laboratory Mechanistic Evaluation of Soil Cement Mixtures with Fibrillated-Polypropylene-Fibers. In. 82nd Transp. Res. Board Annu. Meet. January. 2003; 12–16.
[24] Jamshidi Chenari RJ, Fatahi B, Ghorbani A, Nasiri Alamoti M. Evaluation of strength properties of cement stabilized sand mixed with EPS beads and fly ash. Geomechanics and Engineering. 2018 Apr 30;14(6):533-44, doi: 10.12989/gae.2018.14.6.533.
[25] Jadhao, Pradip D., and P. B. Nagarnaik. "Influence of polypropylene fibers on engineering behavior of soil− fly ash mixtures for road construction." Electronic Journal of Geotechnical Engineering 13 (2008): 1-11.
[26] Kumar, Praveen, and Shalendra Pratap Singh. "Fiber-Reinforced Fly Ash Subbases in Rural Roads.” Journal of Transportation Engineering 134, no. 4 (April 2008): 171–180. doi:10.1061/(asce)0733-947x(2008)134:4(171).
[27] Chauhan, Mahipal Singh, Satyendra Mittal, and Bijayananda Mohanty. "Performance Evaluation of Silty Sand Subgrade Reinforced with Fly Ash and Fibre.” Geotextiles and Geomembranes 26, no. 5 (October 2008): 429–435. doi:10.1016/j.geotexmem.2008.02.001.
[28] Sadek, Salah, Shadi S. Najjar, and Fadi Freiha. "Shear Strength of Fiber-Reinforced Sands.” Journal of Geotechnical and Geoenvironmental Engineering 136, no. 3 (March 2010): 490–499. doi:10.1061/(asce)gt.1943-5606.0000235.
[29] Mishra M, Maheshwari UK, Saxena NK. Improving Strength of Soil Using Fiber and Fly Ash-A Review. 2016.
[30] Rout SS, Sahoo MM, Sahoo RR. Influences of Fly Ash and Coir Fiber on Strength Properties of Soft Soil. 2017; 6(10): 1–9.
[31] Deshpande, Saurabh. Sanjay, and M.M Puranik. "Effect of Fly Ash and Polypropylene on the Engineering Properties of Black Cotton Soil.” International Journal of Civil Engineering 4, no. 4 (April 25, 2017): 52–55. doi:10.14445/23488352/ijce-v4i4p111.
[32] Park, Sung-Sik. "Effect of Fiber Reinforcement and Distribution on Unconfined Compressive Strength of Fiber-Reinforced Cemented Sand.” Geotextiles and Geomembranes 27, no. 2 (April 2009): 162–166. doi:10.1016/j.geotexmem.2008.09.001.
[33] Ghiassian, H., R. Jamshidi, and A. R. Tabarsa. "Dynamic Performance of Toyoura Sand Reinforced with Randomly Distributed Carpet Waste Strips.” Geotechnical Earthquake Engineering and Soil Dynamics IV (May 14, 2008). doi:10.1061/40975(318)44.
[34] Jamshidi, R., I. Towhata, H. Ghiassian, and A.R. Tabarsa. "Experimental Evaluation of Dynamic Deformation Characteristics of Sheet Pile Retaining Walls with Fiber Reinforced Backfill.” Soil Dynamics and Earthquake Engineering 30, no. 6 (June 2010): 438–446. doi:10.1016/j.soildyn.2009.12.017.
[35] ASTM, C., 618, 1993. Standard speciation for fly ash and raw or calcined natural pozzolan for uses as a mineral admixture in Portland cement concrete. American Society for Testing and Materials, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, doi: 10.1520/C0618-17A.
[36] Selig, ET, and TS Ingold. "Some Observations on the Laboratory Measurement of Soil-Geotextile Bond.” Geotechnical Testing Journal 5, no. 3 (1982): 57. doi:10.1520/gtj10804j.
[37] Karimpour Fard, Mehran, R. Jamshid Chenari, and F. Soheili. "Shear Strength Characteristics of Sand Mixed with EPS Beads Using Large Direct Shear Apparatus." Electronic Journal of Geotechnical Engineering 20, no. 8 (2015): 2205-2220.
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