Effective Utilization of Municipal Solid Waste as Substitute for Natural Resources in Cement Industry
Vol. 6 No. 2 (2020): February
Research Articles
Downloads
The aim of this study was to evaluate the municipal solid waste (MSW) composition of Peshawar city and its affective utilization for energy purpose in the cement industry. A total 14 days consecutive testing of MSW samples was conducted for winter and summer periods for the purpose of evaluation of the waste composition followed by calculating its heating values. Compliance level of MSW at source was determined which was based upon the questionnaire distribution followed by the financial analysis and feasibility evaluation of the project. The results revealed that the average waste composition of the samples consists of organic waste contents (20.72%), combustible items (37.86%), readily saleable items (20.95%) and other miscellaneous waste items (20.46%). Moreover, the samples were then tested for the evaluation of calorific value and it was found that the heating value of MSW is recorded up to 35513 KJ/Kg whereas; the value for coal is around 38000 KJ/Kg. These findings revealed that the replacement of coal by MSW may be more efficient and might be effectively utilized in the production of cement as the energy production of MSW and coal is nearly same. In addition, the utilization of MSW as a replacement of coal has a great potential of enhancing the service life of the landfills. Besides, NPV analysis of this study revealed that the project is worthwhile to be implemented as it shows high returns regarding financial aspects.
Rehman, A., Khan, K. A., Hamid, T., Nasir, H., Ahmad, I., & Alam, M. (2020). Effective Utilization of Municipal Solid Waste as Substitute for Natural Resources in Cement Industry. Civil Engineering Journal, 6(2), 238–257. https://doi.org/10.28991/cej-2020-03091467
[1] Khan, Adeel, Zeeshan Ahmed, and Muhammad Siddiqui. "Issues with Solid Waste Management in South Asian Countries: A Situational Analysis of Pakistan.” Journal of Environmental and Occupational Science 1, no. 2 (2012): 129. doi:10.5455/jeos.20120731084356.
[2] Ahsan, A., M. Alamgir, M. M. El-Sergany, S. Shams, M. K. Rowshon, and N. N. Nik Daud. "Assessment of Municipal Solid Waste Management System in a Developing Country.” Chinese Journal of Engineering 2014 (2014): 1–11. doi:10.1155/2014/561935.
[3] United Nations Population Funds. Urbanization: Majority in Cities, 2011. Available online: http://www.unfpa.org/pds/urbanization.htm (accessed on 30 October 2019).
[4] United Nations Population Division. World Population, 2011. Available online: http:// www.un.org/esa/populations (accessed on 3 April 2019).
[5] Curry, Nathan, and Pragasen Pillay. "Biogas Prediction and Design of a Food Waste to Energy System for the Urban Environment.” Renewable Energy 41 (May 2012): 200–209. doi:10.1016/j.renene.2011.10.019.
[6] State of the World Population. United Nation Fund for Population Activities, Population Projection by Planning Commissions Working Group on Population Sector, 2012.
[7] United Nations. Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Population (Division). World Urbanization Prospects: The 2011 Revision, Highlights (ST/ ESA/SER.A/352), 2011. Available online: https://www.un.org/development/desa/publications /publication (accessed on 27 October 2019).
[8] United Nations. Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Population (Division). World Urbanization Prospects: The 2014 Revision, Highlights (ST/ ESA/SER.A/352), 2014. Available online: https://www.un.org/development/desa/publications /publication (accessed on 26 July 2019).
[9] Government of Pakistan (GoP). Economic survey 2013–2014, ï¬nance division. Government of Pakistan, Economic Advisor's Wing, Islamabad, 2014. Available online: http://www.finance.gov.pk/survey_1314.html (accessed on 27 October 2019).
[10] Government of Pakistan (GoP). Economic survey 2014–2015, ï¬nance division. Government of Pakistan, Economic Advisor's Wing, Islamabad. 2015. Available online: http://www.finance.gov.pk/survey_1415.html (accessed on 27 October 2019).
[11] Government of Pakistan (GoP). Economic survey 2012–2013, ï¬nance division. Government of Pakistan, Economic Advisor's Wing, Islamabad, 2013. Available: http://www.finance.gov.pk/survey_1314.html (accessed on 27 October 2019).
[12] Komal, Rabia, and Faisal Abbas. "Linking Financial Development, Economic Growth and Energy Consumption in Pakistan.” Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 44 (April 2015): 211–220. doi:10.1016/j.rser.2014.12.015.
[13] Pakistan energy year book. Hydrocarbon Development Institute of Pakistan (HDIP). Publication and information dissemination, 2014. Available online: https://hdip.com.pk/contents.php?cid=5 (accessed on 23 March 2019).
[14] Jain, Siddharth, and M.P. Sharma. "Power Generation from MSW of Haridwar City: A Feasibility Study.” Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 15, no. 1 (January 2011): 69–90. doi:10.1016/j.rser.2010.09.007.
[15] Petroleum Institute of Pakistan. Pakistan Energy Outlook (PEO, 2015, highlights) and PEO 2007–08 to 2021–22, Highlight. Available online: http://www.pip.org.pk/pakistan-energy-outlook.php (accessed on 19 July 2019).
[16] Inter State Gas Systems (Private) Limited (ISGS). Pakistan Energy Supply Demand Forecast, 2017. Available online: http://www.isgs.pk/pakistan-energy-demand-projections (accessed on 5 April 2019).
[17] Zuberi, M. Jibran S., and Shazia F. Ali. "Greenhouse Effect Reduction by Recovering Energy from Waste Landfills in Pakistan.” Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 44 (April 2015): 117–131. doi:10.1016/j.rser.2014.12.028.
[18] Ali, Ghaffar, and Vilas Nitivattananon. "Exercising Multidisciplinary Approach to Assess Interrelationship Between Energy Use, Carbon Emission and Land Use Change in a Metropolitan City of Pakistan.” Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 16, no. 1 (January 2012): 775–786. doi:10.1016/j.rser.2011.09.003.
[19] Asif, M. "Sustainable Energy Options for Pakistan.” Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 13, no. 4 (May 2009): 903–909. doi:10.1016/j.rser.2008.04.001.
[20] Zaman, Khalid, Muhammad M. Khan, Mehboob Ahmad, and Rabiah Rustam. "Determinants of Electricity Consumption Function in Pakistan: Old Wine in a New Bottle.” Energy Policy 50 (November 2012): 623–634. doi:10.1016/j.enpol.2012.08.003.
[21] Kessides, Ioannis N. "Chaos in power: Pakistan's electricity crisis." Energy policy 55 (2013): 271-285. doi:10.1016/j.enpol.2012.12.005.
[22] Prabhudessai, Vidhya, Anasuya Ganguly, and Srikanth Mutnuri. "Biochemical Methane Potential of Agro Wastes.” Journal of Energy 2013 (2013): 1–7. doi:10.1155/2013/350731.
[23] IPCC. Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories. 2006. Available online: http://www.ipcc-nggip.iges.or.jp/public/2006gl/ (accessed on 19 July 2019).
[24] Mattews E, Themelis NJ. Potential for reducing methane emissions from landï¬lls, 2000–2030. Sardinia, Italy, 2007.
[25] Korai, Muhammad Safar, Rasool Bux Mahar, and Muhammad Aslam Uqaili. "Optimization of Waste to Energy Routes through Biochemical and Thermochemical Treatment Options of Municipal Solid Waste in Hyderabad, Pakistan.” Energy Conversion and Management 124 (September 2016): 333–343. doi:10.1016/j.enconman.2016.07.032.
[26] UNESPA. Global anthropogenic non-CO2 greenhouse gas emissions. 1990–2020, Washington, 2006. Available online: https://www.jgea.org/resources/download/3674.pdf (accessed on 17 July 2019).
[27] Bashir BH. An update on Pakistan. Vancouver, Canada, 2013.
[28] Safar, Korai M, Mahar R Bux, Uqaili M Aslam, Memon S Ahmed, and Lashari I Ahmed. "Energy Recovery from Organic Fractions of Municipal Solid Waste: A Case Study of Hyderabad City, Pakistan.” Waste Management & Research 34, no. 4 (January 28, 2016): 327–336. doi:10.1177/0734242x15620007.
[29] Malik AAK, Amir P, Ramay SA, Munawwar Z, Ahmed V. National economic and environmental development study. Ministry of Environment, Pakistan Government, 2011.
[30] Johari, Anwar, Haslenda Hashim, Ramli Mat, H. Alias, M. Hassim, and M. Rozzainee. "Generalization, formulation and heat contents of simulated MSW with high moisture content." Journal of Engineering Science and Technology 7, no. 6 (2012): 701-710.
[31] Hoornweg D, Bhada TP. What a waste: a global review of solid waste management. The World Bank, 2012. Available online: http://hdl.handle.net/10986/17388 (accessed on 19 April 2019).
[32] Kuleape,, R., S. J. Cobbina,, S. B. Dampare,, A. B. Duwiejuah,, E. E. Amoako,, and W. Asare,. "Assessment of the Energy Recovery Potentials of Solid Waste Generated in Akosombo, Ghana.” African Journal of Environmental Science and Technology 8, no. 5 (May 28, 2014): 297–305. doi:10.5897/ajest2014.1663.
[33] Kuo, Jia-Hong, Hui-Hsin Tseng, P. Srinivasa Rao, and Ming-Yen Wey. "The Prospect and Development of Incinerators for Municipal Solid Waste Treatment and Characteristics of Their Pollutants in Taiwan.” Applied Thermal Engineering 28, no. 17–18 (December 2008): 2305–2314. doi:10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2008.01.010.
[34] Omari, Arthur, Mahir Said, Karoli Njau, Geoffrey John, and Peter Mtui. "Energy recovery routes from Municipal Solid Waste, A case study of Arusha-Tanzania." Journal of Energy Technologies and Policy 4, no. 5 (2014): 1-7.
[35] Zhang L, Xu CC, Champagne P. Overview of recent advances in thermochemical conversion of biomass. Energy Convers Manag 2010;51(5):969–82. doi:10.1016/j.enconman.2009.11.038.
[36] Huang K, Fan X, Gan M, Ji Z. Use of Municipal Solid Waste Incinerator (MSWI) Fly Ash in Alkali Activated Slag Cement. In Characterization of Minerals, Metals, and Materials 2019 2019:401-410. Springer, Cham. doi:10.1007/978-3-030-05749-7_40.
[37] Ashraf MS, Ghouleh Z, Shao Y. Production of eco-cement exclusively from municipal solid waste incineration residues. Resources, Conservation and Recycling. 2019;149:332-42. doi:10.1016/j.resconrec.2019.06.018.
[38] Joseph AM, Snellings R, Van den Heede P, Matthys S, De Belie N. The use of municipal solid waste incineration ash in various building materials: A Belgian point of view. Materials. 2018;11(1):141. doi:10.3390/ma11010141.
[39] World Bank (WB). World Bank Joint Study on Solid Waste Management in Punjab. Final report, 2007. Available online: https://www.urbanunit.gov.pk/UU/Resources (accessed on 11 March 2019).
[40] Federal Bureau of Statistics (FBS) Government of Pakistan. 1st Compendium on Environment Statistics of Pakistan 1998 under the Technical Assistance of Asian Development Bank, 2010; 148–9.
[41] Mahar RB. Mapping Needs and Activities on Waste Management in Pakistan, Country Report, 2012.
[42] Muhammad KF, Kumar S. An assessment of renewable energy potential for electricity generation in Pakistan. Renew Sustain Energy Rev 2013;20:240–54. doi:10.1016/j.rser.2012.09.042
[43] Sabiha J, Faisal H, Saira M, Muhammad Q, Malik MA, Muhammad UG, et al. Management of municipal solid waste generated in eight cities of Pakistan. Int J Sci Eng Res 2014;5(12):1186–92.
[44] United Nations Environment Program (UNEP). Global Waste Management Outlook, 2016; 51–88.
[45] World population review, Population of Cities in Pakistan, 2018. Available online: http://worldpopulationreview.com/countries/pakistan-population/cities/ (accessed on 08 March 2019).
[46] Rawshan AB, Chamhuri S, Joy JP, Abdul HJ. A benefit–cost analysis on the economic feasibility of construction waste minimisation: the case of Malaysia. Resour Conserv Recycl 2006;48(1):86–98. doi:10.1016/j.resconrec.2006.01.004.
[2] Ahsan, A., M. Alamgir, M. M. El-Sergany, S. Shams, M. K. Rowshon, and N. N. Nik Daud. "Assessment of Municipal Solid Waste Management System in a Developing Country.” Chinese Journal of Engineering 2014 (2014): 1–11. doi:10.1155/2014/561935.
[3] United Nations Population Funds. Urbanization: Majority in Cities, 2011. Available online: http://www.unfpa.org/pds/urbanization.htm (accessed on 30 October 2019).
[4] United Nations Population Division. World Population, 2011. Available online: http:// www.un.org/esa/populations (accessed on 3 April 2019).
[5] Curry, Nathan, and Pragasen Pillay. "Biogas Prediction and Design of a Food Waste to Energy System for the Urban Environment.” Renewable Energy 41 (May 2012): 200–209. doi:10.1016/j.renene.2011.10.019.
[6] State of the World Population. United Nation Fund for Population Activities, Population Projection by Planning Commissions Working Group on Population Sector, 2012.
[7] United Nations. Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Population (Division). World Urbanization Prospects: The 2011 Revision, Highlights (ST/ ESA/SER.A/352), 2011. Available online: https://www.un.org/development/desa/publications /publication (accessed on 27 October 2019).
[8] United Nations. Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Population (Division). World Urbanization Prospects: The 2014 Revision, Highlights (ST/ ESA/SER.A/352), 2014. Available online: https://www.un.org/development/desa/publications /publication (accessed on 26 July 2019).
[9] Government of Pakistan (GoP). Economic survey 2013–2014, ï¬nance division. Government of Pakistan, Economic Advisor's Wing, Islamabad, 2014. Available online: http://www.finance.gov.pk/survey_1314.html (accessed on 27 October 2019).
[10] Government of Pakistan (GoP). Economic survey 2014–2015, ï¬nance division. Government of Pakistan, Economic Advisor's Wing, Islamabad. 2015. Available online: http://www.finance.gov.pk/survey_1415.html (accessed on 27 October 2019).
[11] Government of Pakistan (GoP). Economic survey 2012–2013, ï¬nance division. Government of Pakistan, Economic Advisor's Wing, Islamabad, 2013. Available: http://www.finance.gov.pk/survey_1314.html (accessed on 27 October 2019).
[12] Komal, Rabia, and Faisal Abbas. "Linking Financial Development, Economic Growth and Energy Consumption in Pakistan.” Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 44 (April 2015): 211–220. doi:10.1016/j.rser.2014.12.015.
[13] Pakistan energy year book. Hydrocarbon Development Institute of Pakistan (HDIP). Publication and information dissemination, 2014. Available online: https://hdip.com.pk/contents.php?cid=5 (accessed on 23 March 2019).
[14] Jain, Siddharth, and M.P. Sharma. "Power Generation from MSW of Haridwar City: A Feasibility Study.” Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 15, no. 1 (January 2011): 69–90. doi:10.1016/j.rser.2010.09.007.
[15] Petroleum Institute of Pakistan. Pakistan Energy Outlook (PEO, 2015, highlights) and PEO 2007–08 to 2021–22, Highlight. Available online: http://www.pip.org.pk/pakistan-energy-outlook.php (accessed on 19 July 2019).
[16] Inter State Gas Systems (Private) Limited (ISGS). Pakistan Energy Supply Demand Forecast, 2017. Available online: http://www.isgs.pk/pakistan-energy-demand-projections (accessed on 5 April 2019).
[17] Zuberi, M. Jibran S., and Shazia F. Ali. "Greenhouse Effect Reduction by Recovering Energy from Waste Landfills in Pakistan.” Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 44 (April 2015): 117–131. doi:10.1016/j.rser.2014.12.028.
[18] Ali, Ghaffar, and Vilas Nitivattananon. "Exercising Multidisciplinary Approach to Assess Interrelationship Between Energy Use, Carbon Emission and Land Use Change in a Metropolitan City of Pakistan.” Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 16, no. 1 (January 2012): 775–786. doi:10.1016/j.rser.2011.09.003.
[19] Asif, M. "Sustainable Energy Options for Pakistan.” Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 13, no. 4 (May 2009): 903–909. doi:10.1016/j.rser.2008.04.001.
[20] Zaman, Khalid, Muhammad M. Khan, Mehboob Ahmad, and Rabiah Rustam. "Determinants of Electricity Consumption Function in Pakistan: Old Wine in a New Bottle.” Energy Policy 50 (November 2012): 623–634. doi:10.1016/j.enpol.2012.08.003.
[21] Kessides, Ioannis N. "Chaos in power: Pakistan's electricity crisis." Energy policy 55 (2013): 271-285. doi:10.1016/j.enpol.2012.12.005.
[22] Prabhudessai, Vidhya, Anasuya Ganguly, and Srikanth Mutnuri. "Biochemical Methane Potential of Agro Wastes.” Journal of Energy 2013 (2013): 1–7. doi:10.1155/2013/350731.
[23] IPCC. Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories. 2006. Available online: http://www.ipcc-nggip.iges.or.jp/public/2006gl/ (accessed on 19 July 2019).
[24] Mattews E, Themelis NJ. Potential for reducing methane emissions from landï¬lls, 2000–2030. Sardinia, Italy, 2007.
[25] Korai, Muhammad Safar, Rasool Bux Mahar, and Muhammad Aslam Uqaili. "Optimization of Waste to Energy Routes through Biochemical and Thermochemical Treatment Options of Municipal Solid Waste in Hyderabad, Pakistan.” Energy Conversion and Management 124 (September 2016): 333–343. doi:10.1016/j.enconman.2016.07.032.
[26] UNESPA. Global anthropogenic non-CO2 greenhouse gas emissions. 1990–2020, Washington, 2006. Available online: https://www.jgea.org/resources/download/3674.pdf (accessed on 17 July 2019).
[27] Bashir BH. An update on Pakistan. Vancouver, Canada, 2013.
[28] Safar, Korai M, Mahar R Bux, Uqaili M Aslam, Memon S Ahmed, and Lashari I Ahmed. "Energy Recovery from Organic Fractions of Municipal Solid Waste: A Case Study of Hyderabad City, Pakistan.” Waste Management & Research 34, no. 4 (January 28, 2016): 327–336. doi:10.1177/0734242x15620007.
[29] Malik AAK, Amir P, Ramay SA, Munawwar Z, Ahmed V. National economic and environmental development study. Ministry of Environment, Pakistan Government, 2011.
[30] Johari, Anwar, Haslenda Hashim, Ramli Mat, H. Alias, M. Hassim, and M. Rozzainee. "Generalization, formulation and heat contents of simulated MSW with high moisture content." Journal of Engineering Science and Technology 7, no. 6 (2012): 701-710.
[31] Hoornweg D, Bhada TP. What a waste: a global review of solid waste management. The World Bank, 2012. Available online: http://hdl.handle.net/10986/17388 (accessed on 19 April 2019).
[32] Kuleape,, R., S. J. Cobbina,, S. B. Dampare,, A. B. Duwiejuah,, E. E. Amoako,, and W. Asare,. "Assessment of the Energy Recovery Potentials of Solid Waste Generated in Akosombo, Ghana.” African Journal of Environmental Science and Technology 8, no. 5 (May 28, 2014): 297–305. doi:10.5897/ajest2014.1663.
[33] Kuo, Jia-Hong, Hui-Hsin Tseng, P. Srinivasa Rao, and Ming-Yen Wey. "The Prospect and Development of Incinerators for Municipal Solid Waste Treatment and Characteristics of Their Pollutants in Taiwan.” Applied Thermal Engineering 28, no. 17–18 (December 2008): 2305–2314. doi:10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2008.01.010.
[34] Omari, Arthur, Mahir Said, Karoli Njau, Geoffrey John, and Peter Mtui. "Energy recovery routes from Municipal Solid Waste, A case study of Arusha-Tanzania." Journal of Energy Technologies and Policy 4, no. 5 (2014): 1-7.
[35] Zhang L, Xu CC, Champagne P. Overview of recent advances in thermochemical conversion of biomass. Energy Convers Manag 2010;51(5):969–82. doi:10.1016/j.enconman.2009.11.038.
[36] Huang K, Fan X, Gan M, Ji Z. Use of Municipal Solid Waste Incinerator (MSWI) Fly Ash in Alkali Activated Slag Cement. In Characterization of Minerals, Metals, and Materials 2019 2019:401-410. Springer, Cham. doi:10.1007/978-3-030-05749-7_40.
[37] Ashraf MS, Ghouleh Z, Shao Y. Production of eco-cement exclusively from municipal solid waste incineration residues. Resources, Conservation and Recycling. 2019;149:332-42. doi:10.1016/j.resconrec.2019.06.018.
[38] Joseph AM, Snellings R, Van den Heede P, Matthys S, De Belie N. The use of municipal solid waste incineration ash in various building materials: A Belgian point of view. Materials. 2018;11(1):141. doi:10.3390/ma11010141.
[39] World Bank (WB). World Bank Joint Study on Solid Waste Management in Punjab. Final report, 2007. Available online: https://www.urbanunit.gov.pk/UU/Resources (accessed on 11 March 2019).
[40] Federal Bureau of Statistics (FBS) Government of Pakistan. 1st Compendium on Environment Statistics of Pakistan 1998 under the Technical Assistance of Asian Development Bank, 2010; 148–9.
[41] Mahar RB. Mapping Needs and Activities on Waste Management in Pakistan, Country Report, 2012.
[42] Muhammad KF, Kumar S. An assessment of renewable energy potential for electricity generation in Pakistan. Renew Sustain Energy Rev 2013;20:240–54. doi:10.1016/j.rser.2012.09.042
[43] Sabiha J, Faisal H, Saira M, Muhammad Q, Malik MA, Muhammad UG, et al. Management of municipal solid waste generated in eight cities of Pakistan. Int J Sci Eng Res 2014;5(12):1186–92.
[44] United Nations Environment Program (UNEP). Global Waste Management Outlook, 2016; 51–88.
[45] World population review, Population of Cities in Pakistan, 2018. Available online: http://worldpopulationreview.com/countries/pakistan-population/cities/ (accessed on 08 March 2019).
[46] Rawshan AB, Chamhuri S, Joy JP, Abdul HJ. A benefit–cost analysis on the economic feasibility of construction waste minimisation: the case of Malaysia. Resour Conserv Recycl 2006;48(1):86–98. doi:10.1016/j.resconrec.2006.01.004.
- Authors retain all copyrights. It is noticeable that authors will not be forced to sign any copyright transfer agreements.
- This work (including HTML and PDF Files) is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
