Response of Steel Moment and Braced Frames Subjected to Near-Source Pulse-Like Ground Motions by Including Soil-Structure Interaction Effects
Vol. 3 No. 1 (2017): January
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Most seismic regulations are usually associated with fixed-base structures, assuming that elimination of this phenomenon leads to conservative results and engineers are not obliged to use near-fault earthquakes. This study investigates the effect of soil–structure interaction on the inelastic response of MDOF steel structures by using well known Cone method. In order to achieve this, three dimensional multi-storey steel structures with moment and braced frame are analysed using non-linear time history method under the action of 40 near-fault records. Seismic response parameters, such as base shear, performance of structures, ductility demand and displacement demand ratios of structures subjected to different frequency-contents of near-fault records including pulse type and high-frequency components are investigated. The results elucidate that the flexibility of soil strongly affects the seismic response of steel frames. Soil–structure interaction can increase seismic demands of structures. Also, soil has approximately increasing and mitigating effects on structural responses subjected to the pulse type and high frequency components. A threshold period exists below which can highly change the ductility demand for short period structures subjected to near-fault records.
[1] Somerville, Paul G., Nancy F. Smith, Robert W. Graves, and Norman A. Abrahamson. "Modification of empirical strong ground motion attenuation relations to include the amplitude and duration effects of rupture directivity." Seismological Research Letters 68, no. 1 (1997): 199-222.
[2] Ghobarah, A. "Response of structures to near-fault ground motion." In 13th World Conference on Earthquake Engineering, pp. 1-6. 2004.
[3] Somerville, Paul G., Nancy F. Smith, Robert W. Graves, and Norman A. Abrahamson. "Modification of empirical strong ground motion attenuation relations to include the amplitude and duration effects of rupture directivity." Seismological Research Letters 68, no. 1 (1997): 199-222.
[5] Mavroeidis, G. P., and A. S. Papageorgiou. "Near-source strong ground motion: characteristics and design issues." In Proc. of the Seventh US National Conf. on Earthquake Engineering (7NCEE), Boston, Massachusetts, vol. 21, no. 2, p. 25. 2002.
[6] Mavroeidis, George P., and Apostolos S. Papageorgiou. "A mathematical representation of near-fault ground motions." Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America 93, no. 3 (2003): 1099-1131.
[7] Mavroeidis, G. P., G. Dong, and A. S. Papageorgiou. "Near"fault ground motions, and the response of elastic and inelastic single"degree"of"freedom (SDOF) systems." Earthquake Engineering & Structural Dynamics 33, no. 9 (2004): 1023-1049.
[8] Tang, Yuchuan, and Jian Zhang. "Response spectrum-oriented pulse identification and magnitude scaling of forward directivity pulses in near-fault ground motions." Soil Dynamics and Earthquake Engineering 31, no. 1 (2011): 59-76.
[9] Iervolino, Iunio, Eugenio Chioccarelli, and Georgios Baltzopoulos. "Inelastic displacement ratio of near"source pulse"like ground motions." Earthquake Engineering & Structural Dynamics 41, no. 15 (2012): 2351-2357.
[10] Alavi, Babak, and Helmut Krawinkler. "Behavior of moment"resisting frame structures subjected to near"fault ground motions." Earthquake engineering & structural dynamics 33, no. 6 (2004): 687-706.
[11] Ghahari, Farid, Hossein Jahankhah, and M. Ali Ghannad. "The effect of background record on response of structures subjected to near-fault ground motions." In First European Conference on Earthquake Engineering and Seismology, Geneva, Switzerland, pp. 3-8. 2006.
[12] Kalkan, Erol, and Sashi K. Kunnath. "Effects of fling step and forward directivity on seismic response of buildings." Earthquake spectra 22, no. 2 (2006): 367-390.
[13] Ghannad MA, Ghahari F, Jahankhah H. The effect of frequency content of near-fault ground motions on elastic response of structures. In Proceedings of 4th National Congress of Cvil Engineering. Tehran University, Tehran, Iran; 2008.
[14] Sehhati, Reza, Adrian Rodriguez-Marek, Mohamed ElGawady, and William F. Cofer. "Effects of near-fault ground motions and equivalent pulses on multi-story structures." Engineering Structures 33, no. 3 (2011): 767-779.
[15] Sharif, Vahid, and Farhad Behnamfar. "Evaluating the effects of near-field earthquakes on the behavior of moment resisting frames." Computational Methods in Civil Engineering 3, no. 2 (2012): 79-91.
[16] Avilés, Javier, and Luis E. Pérez"Rocha. "Soil–structure interaction in yielding systems." Earthquake engineering & structural dynamics 32, no. 11 (2003): 1749-1771.
[17] Avilés, Javier, and Luis Eduardo Pérez-Rocha. "Influence of foundation flexibility on R μ and C μ factors." Journal of structural engineering 131, no. 2 (2005): 221-230.
[18] Ghannad, M. A., and A. Ahmadnia. "The effect of soil-structure interaction on inelastic structural demands." European Earthquake Engineering 20, no. 1 (2006): 23-35.
[19] Nakhaei M, Ghannad MA. Effect of soil–structure interaction on energy dissipation of buildings. In proceedings of ICEBAM International Conference on Earthquake Engineering, A Memorial of Bam Disaster. Bam, Iran; 2004 P.1066.
[20] Nakhaei, Mofid, and Mohammad Ali Ghannad. "The effect of soil–structure interaction on damage index of buildings." Engineering Structures 30, no. 6 (2008): 1491-1499.
[21] Avilés, Javier, and Luis Eduardo Pérez-Rocha. "Damage analysis of structures on elastic foundation." Journal of Structural Engineering 133, no. 10 (2007): 1453-1461.
[22] Behmanesh, I., and F. Khoshnudian. "Effect of Soil-Structure-Interaction on Inelastic Displacement Ratios of Existing Structures." In Proceeding, 14th World Conference on Earthquake Engineering, Beijing, China. 2008.
[23] Khoshnoudian, Faramarz, and Ehsan Ahmadi. "Effects of pulse period of near"field ground motions on the seismic demands of soil–MDOF structure systems using mathematical pulse models." Earthquake Engineering & Structural Dynamics 42, no. 11 (2013): 1565-1582.
[24] Baker, Jack W. "Quantitative classification of near-fault ground motions using wavelet analysis." Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America 97, no. 5 (2007): 1486-1501.
[25] Cox, K. E., and S. A. Ashford. "Characterization of Large Velocity Pulses for Laboratory Testing. Report 2002/22, Pacific Earthquake Engineering Research Center." University of California, Berkeley, California, USA (2002).
[26] Wolf, John P., and Andrew J. Deeks. Foundation vibration analysis: A strength of materials approach. Butterworth-Heinemann, 2004.
[27] Meek, JeW, and A. S. Veletsos. "Simple models for foundations in lateral and rocking motion." In Proceedings of the 5th World Conf. on Earthquake Engineering, pp. 2610-2631. 1974.
[28] Meek, Jethro W., and John P. Wolf. "Cone models for homogeneous soil. I." Journal of geotechnical engineering 118, no. 5 (1992): 667-685.
[29] Meek JW, Wolf JP. Insights on cutoff frequency for foundation on soil layer. Earthquake Engineering and Structural Dynamics, 1991; 20, 651-665, Also in proceedings of the 9th European Conference on Earthquake Engineering, EAEE, Moscow, Russia; 1990, 4-A, 34-43.
[30] Meek, Jethro W., and John P. Wolf. "Why cone models can represent the elastic half"space." Earthquake engineering & structural dynamics 22, no. 9 (1993): 759-771.
[31] ASCE/SEI 7–10, Minimum Design Loads for Buildings and Other Structures. Published by American Society of Civil Engineers, 2010.
[32] Ghannad, M. Ali, Asghar Amiri, and S. Farid Ghahari. "Effects of Soil"Structure Interaction on Response of Structures Subjected to Near"Fault Earthquake Records." In AIP Conference Proceedings, edited by Adolfo Santini, and Nicola Moraci, vol. 1020, no. 1, pp. 642-649. AIP, 2008.
[33] National building regulations of Iran, Design and Construction of Steel Structures, Road, Housing & Urban Development Research Center 2013.
[34] National building regulations of Iran, Design Loads for Buildings, Road, Housing & Urban Development Research Center, 2013.
[35] Federal Emergency Management Agency. Prestandard and commentary for the seismic rehabilitation of buildings. FEMA 356. Washington, D.C; 2009.
[36] PERFORM 3D software, version 5, Computers and structures, Inc, https://www.csiamerica.com/products/perform-3d
[37] SAP 2000 software, version 16, Computers and structures, Inc, https://www.csiamerica.com/products/sap2000
[38] MATLAB software, version 2011, MATtrix LABoratory, http://www.mathworks.com.
[39] Khoshnoudian, Faramarz, and Ehsan Ahmadi. "Effects of pulse period of near"field ground motions on the seismic demands of soil–MDOF structure systems using mathematical pulse models." Earthquake Engineering & Structural Dynamics 42, no. 11 (2013): 1565-1582.
[2] Ghobarah, A. "Response of structures to near-fault ground motion." In 13th World Conference on Earthquake Engineering, pp. 1-6. 2004.
[3] Somerville, Paul G., Nancy F. Smith, Robert W. Graves, and Norman A. Abrahamson. "Modification of empirical strong ground motion attenuation relations to include the amplitude and duration effects of rupture directivity." Seismological Research Letters 68, no. 1 (1997): 199-222.
[5] Mavroeidis, G. P., and A. S. Papageorgiou. "Near-source strong ground motion: characteristics and design issues." In Proc. of the Seventh US National Conf. on Earthquake Engineering (7NCEE), Boston, Massachusetts, vol. 21, no. 2, p. 25. 2002.
[6] Mavroeidis, George P., and Apostolos S. Papageorgiou. "A mathematical representation of near-fault ground motions." Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America 93, no. 3 (2003): 1099-1131.
[7] Mavroeidis, G. P., G. Dong, and A. S. Papageorgiou. "Near"fault ground motions, and the response of elastic and inelastic single"degree"of"freedom (SDOF) systems." Earthquake Engineering & Structural Dynamics 33, no. 9 (2004): 1023-1049.
[8] Tang, Yuchuan, and Jian Zhang. "Response spectrum-oriented pulse identification and magnitude scaling of forward directivity pulses in near-fault ground motions." Soil Dynamics and Earthquake Engineering 31, no. 1 (2011): 59-76.
[9] Iervolino, Iunio, Eugenio Chioccarelli, and Georgios Baltzopoulos. "Inelastic displacement ratio of near"source pulse"like ground motions." Earthquake Engineering & Structural Dynamics 41, no. 15 (2012): 2351-2357.
[10] Alavi, Babak, and Helmut Krawinkler. "Behavior of moment"resisting frame structures subjected to near"fault ground motions." Earthquake engineering & structural dynamics 33, no. 6 (2004): 687-706.
[11] Ghahari, Farid, Hossein Jahankhah, and M. Ali Ghannad. "The effect of background record on response of structures subjected to near-fault ground motions." In First European Conference on Earthquake Engineering and Seismology, Geneva, Switzerland, pp. 3-8. 2006.
[12] Kalkan, Erol, and Sashi K. Kunnath. "Effects of fling step and forward directivity on seismic response of buildings." Earthquake spectra 22, no. 2 (2006): 367-390.
[13] Ghannad MA, Ghahari F, Jahankhah H. The effect of frequency content of near-fault ground motions on elastic response of structures. In Proceedings of 4th National Congress of Cvil Engineering. Tehran University, Tehran, Iran; 2008.
[14] Sehhati, Reza, Adrian Rodriguez-Marek, Mohamed ElGawady, and William F. Cofer. "Effects of near-fault ground motions and equivalent pulses on multi-story structures." Engineering Structures 33, no. 3 (2011): 767-779.
[15] Sharif, Vahid, and Farhad Behnamfar. "Evaluating the effects of near-field earthquakes on the behavior of moment resisting frames." Computational Methods in Civil Engineering 3, no. 2 (2012): 79-91.
[16] Avilés, Javier, and Luis E. Pérez"Rocha. "Soil–structure interaction in yielding systems." Earthquake engineering & structural dynamics 32, no. 11 (2003): 1749-1771.
[17] Avilés, Javier, and Luis Eduardo Pérez-Rocha. "Influence of foundation flexibility on R μ and C μ factors." Journal of structural engineering 131, no. 2 (2005): 221-230.
[18] Ghannad, M. A., and A. Ahmadnia. "The effect of soil-structure interaction on inelastic structural demands." European Earthquake Engineering 20, no. 1 (2006): 23-35.
[19] Nakhaei M, Ghannad MA. Effect of soil–structure interaction on energy dissipation of buildings. In proceedings of ICEBAM International Conference on Earthquake Engineering, A Memorial of Bam Disaster. Bam, Iran; 2004 P.1066.
[20] Nakhaei, Mofid, and Mohammad Ali Ghannad. "The effect of soil–structure interaction on damage index of buildings." Engineering Structures 30, no. 6 (2008): 1491-1499.
[21] Avilés, Javier, and Luis Eduardo Pérez-Rocha. "Damage analysis of structures on elastic foundation." Journal of Structural Engineering 133, no. 10 (2007): 1453-1461.
[22] Behmanesh, I., and F. Khoshnudian. "Effect of Soil-Structure-Interaction on Inelastic Displacement Ratios of Existing Structures." In Proceeding, 14th World Conference on Earthquake Engineering, Beijing, China. 2008.
[23] Khoshnoudian, Faramarz, and Ehsan Ahmadi. "Effects of pulse period of near"field ground motions on the seismic demands of soil–MDOF structure systems using mathematical pulse models." Earthquake Engineering & Structural Dynamics 42, no. 11 (2013): 1565-1582.
[24] Baker, Jack W. "Quantitative classification of near-fault ground motions using wavelet analysis." Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America 97, no. 5 (2007): 1486-1501.
[25] Cox, K. E., and S. A. Ashford. "Characterization of Large Velocity Pulses for Laboratory Testing. Report 2002/22, Pacific Earthquake Engineering Research Center." University of California, Berkeley, California, USA (2002).
[26] Wolf, John P., and Andrew J. Deeks. Foundation vibration analysis: A strength of materials approach. Butterworth-Heinemann, 2004.
[27] Meek, JeW, and A. S. Veletsos. "Simple models for foundations in lateral and rocking motion." In Proceedings of the 5th World Conf. on Earthquake Engineering, pp. 2610-2631. 1974.
[28] Meek, Jethro W., and John P. Wolf. "Cone models for homogeneous soil. I." Journal of geotechnical engineering 118, no. 5 (1992): 667-685.
[29] Meek JW, Wolf JP. Insights on cutoff frequency for foundation on soil layer. Earthquake Engineering and Structural Dynamics, 1991; 20, 651-665, Also in proceedings of the 9th European Conference on Earthquake Engineering, EAEE, Moscow, Russia; 1990, 4-A, 34-43.
[30] Meek, Jethro W., and John P. Wolf. "Why cone models can represent the elastic half"space." Earthquake engineering & structural dynamics 22, no. 9 (1993): 759-771.
[31] ASCE/SEI 7–10, Minimum Design Loads for Buildings and Other Structures. Published by American Society of Civil Engineers, 2010.
[32] Ghannad, M. Ali, Asghar Amiri, and S. Farid Ghahari. "Effects of Soil"Structure Interaction on Response of Structures Subjected to Near"Fault Earthquake Records." In AIP Conference Proceedings, edited by Adolfo Santini, and Nicola Moraci, vol. 1020, no. 1, pp. 642-649. AIP, 2008.
[33] National building regulations of Iran, Design and Construction of Steel Structures, Road, Housing & Urban Development Research Center 2013.
[34] National building regulations of Iran, Design Loads for Buildings, Road, Housing & Urban Development Research Center, 2013.
[35] Federal Emergency Management Agency. Prestandard and commentary for the seismic rehabilitation of buildings. FEMA 356. Washington, D.C; 2009.
[36] PERFORM 3D software, version 5, Computers and structures, Inc, https://www.csiamerica.com/products/perform-3d
[37] SAP 2000 software, version 16, Computers and structures, Inc, https://www.csiamerica.com/products/sap2000
[38] MATLAB software, version 2011, MATtrix LABoratory, http://www.mathworks.com.
[39] Khoshnoudian, Faramarz, and Ehsan Ahmadi. "Effects of pulse period of near"field ground motions on the seismic demands of soil–MDOF structure systems using mathematical pulse models." Earthquake Engineering & Structural Dynamics 42, no. 11 (2013): 1565-1582.
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