Prediction of Ground Settlement Induced by Slurry Shield Tunnelling in Granular Soils
Vol. 6 No. 12 (2020): December
Research Articles
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Underground structures play an important role in achieving the requirements of rapid urban development such as tunnels, parking garages, facilities, etc. To achieve what is needed, new transportation methods have been proposed to solve traffic congestion problems by using of high-speed railway and subway tunnels. One of the issues in urban spaces due to tunnel excavation is considerable surface settlements that also induce problems for surface structures. There are a variety of published relationships concerned with field measurements and theoretical approaches to evaluating the amount of the maximum surface settlement value due to tunneling. This paper studies the ground surface settlement caused by the Greater Cairo Metro – Line 3 - Phase-1. This project was constructed by a slurry shield Tunnel Boring Machine (TBM). Therefore, this work consists of two parts. The first part presents the details of the project and monitoring results field and laboratory geotechnical investigations in order to determine the soil properties. The second part is to the comparison between the field measurements and theoretical approaches for surface settlement due to tunneling construction. At the end of the works, the results show that the more convenient methods which approach the field measurements, and the major transverse settlement occurs within the area about 2.6 times the diameter of the tunnel excavation.
Doi: 10.28991/cej-2020-03091617
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Ayasrah, M., Qiu, H., Zhang, X., & Daddow, M. (2020). Prediction of Ground Settlement Induced by Slurry Shield Tunnelling in Granular Soils. Civil Engineering Journal, 6(12), 2273–2289. https://doi.org/10.28991/cej-2020-03091617
[1] Hefny, Ashraf, Mohamed Ezzat Al-Atroush, Mai Abualkhair, and Mariam Juma Alnuaimi. "Three-Dimensional Response of the Supported-Deep Excavation System: Case Study of a Large Scale Underground Metro Station.” Geosciences 10, no. 2 (February 19, 2020): 76. doi:10.3390/geosciences10020076.
[2] Attewell, P.B., and I.W. Farmer. "Ground Disturbance Caused by Shield Tunnelling in a Stiff, Overconsolidated Clay.” Engineering Geology 8, no. 4 (December 1974): 361–381. doi:10.1016/0013-7952(74)90028-3.
[3] Basile, Francesco. "Effects of Tunnelling on Pile Foundations.” Soils and Foundations 54, no. 3 (June 2014): 280–295. doi:10.1016/j.sandf.2014.04.004.
[4] Park, Kyung-Ho. "Analytical Solution for Tunnelling-Induced Ground Movement in Clays.” Tunnelling and Underground Space Technology 20, no. 3 (May 2005): 249–261. doi:10.1016/j.tust.2004.08.009.
[5] Ercelebi, S. G., H. Copur, and I. Ocak. "Surface Settlement Predictions for Istanbul Metro Tunnels Excavated by EPB-TBM.” Environmental Earth Sciences 62, no. 2 (March 27, 2010): 357–365. doi:10.1007/s12665-010-0530-6.
[6] Zhang, Zhiguo, Maosong Huang, Chengping Zhang, Kangming Jiang, and Minghao Lu. "Time-Domain Analyses for Pile Deformation Induced by Adjacent Excavation Considering Influences of Viscoelastic Mechanism.” Tunnelling and Underground Space Technology 85 (March 2019): 392–405. doi:10.1016/j.tust.2018.12.020.
[7] Wang, Hongyu, Chun Fai Leung, Jian Yu, and Maosong Huang. "Axial Response of Short Pile Due to Tunnelling-Induced Soil Movement in Soft Clay.” International Journal of Physical Modelling in Geotechnics 20, no. 2 (March 2020): 71–82. doi:10.1680/jphmg.18.00045.
[8] Ambooken, Akhil, R. K. Madhumathi, and K. Ilamparuthi. "Response of Single Pile Due to Deep Excavation and Underground Openings.” Geotechnical Applications (June 13, 2018): 261–269. doi:10.1007/978-981-13-0368-5_28.
[9] Darvishpour, Alireza, Asadollah Ranjbar, and Amirmohammad Amiri. "The Effect of Soil Reinforcement on the Stress and Strain Field Around Underground Square-Shaped Areas and Its Internal Lining Efforts in Urban Areas.” Civil Engineering Journal 4, no. 11 (November 30, 2018): 2756. doi:10.28991/cej-03091196.
[10] Barla, Marco, Claudia Klotz, and Ina Valodzka. "Scenario analysis of risk-oriented design for geotechnical structures.” (2018).
[11] Atkinson, J. H., and D. M. Potts. ""Subsidence Above Shallow Tunnels in Soft Ground.” International Journal of Rock Mechanics and Mining Sciences & Geomechanics Abstracts 14, no. 4 (July 1977): 65. doi:10.1016/0148-9062(77)91056-7.
[12] Huang, H, H Bao, and D Zhang. "A Complex Variable Solution for Tunneling-Induced Ground Movements in Clays.” Geotechnical Aspects of Underground Construction in Soft Ground (December 9, 2008). doi:10.1201/9780203879986.ch105.
[13] Attewell, Peter B., John Yeates, and Alan R. Selby. "Soil Movements Induced by Tunnelling and Their Effects on Pipelines and Structures.” Tunnelling and Underground Space Technology 2, no. 1 (January 1987): 102. doi:10.1016/0886-7798(87)90195-7.
[14] Peck, R.B. "State-of-the-art: Deep excavation and tunneling in soft ground.” Proceedings of the Seventh International Conference on Soil Mechanics and Foundation Engineering, Universidad Nacional Autonoma de Mexico Instituto de Ingenira,1969, Mexico City, Mexico, Vol. 3, pp. 225-290.
[15] Burland, J. B., Broms, B. B., and de Mello, V. F. B. "Behavior of foundations and structures.” State-of-the-Art Report. Proc, 9th Int. Conf. on Soil Mech. and Found. Engr., II, Tokyo, Japan, (1977): 495-546.
[16] Rankin, W. J. "Ground Movements Resulting from Urban Tunnelling: Predictions and Effects.” Geological Society, London, Engineering Geology Special Publications 5, no. 1 (1988): 79–92. doi:10.1144/gsl.eng.1988.005.01.06.
[17] Boscardin, Marco D., and Edward J. Cording. "Building Response to Excavation-Induced Settlement.” International Journal of Rock Mechanics and Mining Sciences & Geomechanics Abstracts 26, no. 3–4 (July 1989): A225. doi:10.1016/0148-9062(89)92930-6.
[18] Ahmed, S. M. "State-of-the-art report: deformations associated with deep excavation and their effects on nearby structures.” Ain Shams University, Cairo, (2014): 164."
[19] National Authority for tunnel. "Tunnel from Attaba to Geish shaft monitoring measurements”, contract N 49/Metro, phase 1", Greater Cairo Metro, (2010): 270-271.
[20] Hamza Associates. "Geotechnical investigation report: Greater Cairo Metro-Line 3”. (2002).
[21] ECP 202/1. 2005. "Egyptian code for soil mechanics – design and construction of foundations.” Part 1, Site investigation. The Housing and Building Research Center (HBRC), Cairo, Egypt.
[22] Peck, Ralph Brazelton., Walter Edmund Hanson, and Thomas Hampton. Thornburn. "Foundation Engineering.” Soil Science 75, no. 4 (April 1953): 329. doi:10.1097/00010694-195304000-00012.
[23] Giuliani, F., and F. L. Nicoll. "New analytical correlations between SPT, overburden pressure and relative density.” Proceedings of 2nd European symposium on penetration testing, Amsterdam (1982)."
[24] Wolff, Thomas F. "Pile capacity prediction using parameter functions.” Predicted and Observed Axial Behavior of Piles: Results of a Pile Prediction Symposium. ASCE, (1989).
[25] Webb, D.L. "Settlement of Structures on Deep Alluvial Sandy Sediments in Durban, South Africa.” Proceedings of the Conference on In Situ Investigations in Soils and Rocks, BGS., (1969): 181-187.
[26] Bowles, J.E. "Foundation Analysis and Design.” 3rd Ed., McGraw Hill, Inc., New York, (1982).
[27] Denver. H. "Modulus of Elasticity for Sand Determined by SPT and CPT.” Proceedings of the 2nd European Symposium on Penetration Testing, Vol. I, (1982): 35-40.
[28] ECP 202/3. "Egyptian code for soil mechanics – design and construction of foundations.” Part 3, Shallow Foundation. The Housing and Building Research Center (HBRC), Cairo, Egypt, (2005).
[29] Hazen, Allen. "Some physical properties of sands and gravels: with special reference to their use in filtration.” State Sanitation Volume II (2013). doi:10.4159/harvard.9780674600485.c25.
[30] ECP 202/2. "Egyptian code for soil mechanics – design and construction of foundations.” Part 2, Laboratory tests. The Housing and Building Research Center (HBRC), Cairo, Egypt, (2005).
[31] Duncan, James Moyer, and A. L. Buchignani. "An Engineering Manual for Settlement Studies”: By JM Duncan and AL Buchignani. Department of Civil Engineering, University of California, (1976).
[32] Mair, R. J., M. J. Gunn, and M. P. O'REILLY. "Ground Movement around Shallow Tunnels in Soft Clay.” International Journal of Rock Mechanics and Mining Sciences & Geomechanics Abstracts 19, no. 6 (December 1982): 141. doi:10.1016/0148-9062(82)91516-9.
[33] O'Reilly, M.P., and B.M. New. "Settlement above Tunnels in the United Kingdom ” Their Magnitude and Prediction.” International Journal of Rock Mechanics and Mining Sciences & Geomechanics Abstracts 20, no. 1 (February 1983): A18. doi:10.1016/0148-9062(83)91768-0.
[34] Mair, R. J., and R. N. Taylor. "Theme lecture: Bored tunnelling in the urban environment.” Proceedings of the fourteenth international conference on soil mechanics and foundation engineering. Rotterdam, (1997)."
[35] Oteo, C., and J. F. Moya. "Evaluación de parámetros del suelo de Madrid con relación a la construcción de túneles.” In: Proceedings of the 7th European Conference on Soil Mechanics and Foundation Engineering, Brighton." Vol. 3, No. 13, (1979): 239-247.
[36] Sagaseta, C., J. F. Moya, and C. Oteo. "Estimation of ground subsidence over urban tunnels.” 2nd Int. Conf. "Ground movements and structure. (1980"): 331-345."
[37] Limaniv, J. A. "Infolge Tunnelbau in kambrischen Tonen Leningrad Inst-Inzh.” Zhelezu, Transport (1957)."
[38] Sagaseta, C. "Analysis of Undraind Soil Deformation Due to Ground Loss.” Géotechnique 37, no. 3 (September 1987): 301–320. doi:10.1680/geot.1987.37.3.301.
[39] Sagaseta, C. "Discussion: Analysis of Undrained Soil Deformation Due to Ground Loss.” Géotechnique 38, no. 4 (December 1988): 647–649. doi:10.1680/geot.1988.38.4.647.
[40] Uriel, A.O., and Sagaseta, C. "Selection of design parameters for underground construction.” In Proceedings of the 12th International Congress on Soil Mechanics, Río de Janeiro, 13–18 August, 1989, General report, Discussion session. A.A. Balkema, Rotterdam. Vol. 9, (1989): 2521–2551.
[41] Ercelebi, S. G., et al. "Surface settlement prediction for Istanbul metro tunnels via 3D FE and empirical methods.” Tunneling and Underground Space Technology, London, England (2005): 163-169.
[2] Attewell, P.B., and I.W. Farmer. "Ground Disturbance Caused by Shield Tunnelling in a Stiff, Overconsolidated Clay.” Engineering Geology 8, no. 4 (December 1974): 361–381. doi:10.1016/0013-7952(74)90028-3.
[3] Basile, Francesco. "Effects of Tunnelling on Pile Foundations.” Soils and Foundations 54, no. 3 (June 2014): 280–295. doi:10.1016/j.sandf.2014.04.004.
[4] Park, Kyung-Ho. "Analytical Solution for Tunnelling-Induced Ground Movement in Clays.” Tunnelling and Underground Space Technology 20, no. 3 (May 2005): 249–261. doi:10.1016/j.tust.2004.08.009.
[5] Ercelebi, S. G., H. Copur, and I. Ocak. "Surface Settlement Predictions for Istanbul Metro Tunnels Excavated by EPB-TBM.” Environmental Earth Sciences 62, no. 2 (March 27, 2010): 357–365. doi:10.1007/s12665-010-0530-6.
[6] Zhang, Zhiguo, Maosong Huang, Chengping Zhang, Kangming Jiang, and Minghao Lu. "Time-Domain Analyses for Pile Deformation Induced by Adjacent Excavation Considering Influences of Viscoelastic Mechanism.” Tunnelling and Underground Space Technology 85 (March 2019): 392–405. doi:10.1016/j.tust.2018.12.020.
[7] Wang, Hongyu, Chun Fai Leung, Jian Yu, and Maosong Huang. "Axial Response of Short Pile Due to Tunnelling-Induced Soil Movement in Soft Clay.” International Journal of Physical Modelling in Geotechnics 20, no. 2 (March 2020): 71–82. doi:10.1680/jphmg.18.00045.
[8] Ambooken, Akhil, R. K. Madhumathi, and K. Ilamparuthi. "Response of Single Pile Due to Deep Excavation and Underground Openings.” Geotechnical Applications (June 13, 2018): 261–269. doi:10.1007/978-981-13-0368-5_28.
[9] Darvishpour, Alireza, Asadollah Ranjbar, and Amirmohammad Amiri. "The Effect of Soil Reinforcement on the Stress and Strain Field Around Underground Square-Shaped Areas and Its Internal Lining Efforts in Urban Areas.” Civil Engineering Journal 4, no. 11 (November 30, 2018): 2756. doi:10.28991/cej-03091196.
[10] Barla, Marco, Claudia Klotz, and Ina Valodzka. "Scenario analysis of risk-oriented design for geotechnical structures.” (2018).
[11] Atkinson, J. H., and D. M. Potts. ""Subsidence Above Shallow Tunnels in Soft Ground.” International Journal of Rock Mechanics and Mining Sciences & Geomechanics Abstracts 14, no. 4 (July 1977): 65. doi:10.1016/0148-9062(77)91056-7.
[12] Huang, H, H Bao, and D Zhang. "A Complex Variable Solution for Tunneling-Induced Ground Movements in Clays.” Geotechnical Aspects of Underground Construction in Soft Ground (December 9, 2008). doi:10.1201/9780203879986.ch105.
[13] Attewell, Peter B., John Yeates, and Alan R. Selby. "Soil Movements Induced by Tunnelling and Their Effects on Pipelines and Structures.” Tunnelling and Underground Space Technology 2, no. 1 (January 1987): 102. doi:10.1016/0886-7798(87)90195-7.
[14] Peck, R.B. "State-of-the-art: Deep excavation and tunneling in soft ground.” Proceedings of the Seventh International Conference on Soil Mechanics and Foundation Engineering, Universidad Nacional Autonoma de Mexico Instituto de Ingenira,1969, Mexico City, Mexico, Vol. 3, pp. 225-290.
[15] Burland, J. B., Broms, B. B., and de Mello, V. F. B. "Behavior of foundations and structures.” State-of-the-Art Report. Proc, 9th Int. Conf. on Soil Mech. and Found. Engr., II, Tokyo, Japan, (1977): 495-546.
[16] Rankin, W. J. "Ground Movements Resulting from Urban Tunnelling: Predictions and Effects.” Geological Society, London, Engineering Geology Special Publications 5, no. 1 (1988): 79–92. doi:10.1144/gsl.eng.1988.005.01.06.
[17] Boscardin, Marco D., and Edward J. Cording. "Building Response to Excavation-Induced Settlement.” International Journal of Rock Mechanics and Mining Sciences & Geomechanics Abstracts 26, no. 3–4 (July 1989): A225. doi:10.1016/0148-9062(89)92930-6.
[18] Ahmed, S. M. "State-of-the-art report: deformations associated with deep excavation and their effects on nearby structures.” Ain Shams University, Cairo, (2014): 164."
[19] National Authority for tunnel. "Tunnel from Attaba to Geish shaft monitoring measurements”, contract N 49/Metro, phase 1", Greater Cairo Metro, (2010): 270-271.
[20] Hamza Associates. "Geotechnical investigation report: Greater Cairo Metro-Line 3”. (2002).
[21] ECP 202/1. 2005. "Egyptian code for soil mechanics – design and construction of foundations.” Part 1, Site investigation. The Housing and Building Research Center (HBRC), Cairo, Egypt.
[22] Peck, Ralph Brazelton., Walter Edmund Hanson, and Thomas Hampton. Thornburn. "Foundation Engineering.” Soil Science 75, no. 4 (April 1953): 329. doi:10.1097/00010694-195304000-00012.
[23] Giuliani, F., and F. L. Nicoll. "New analytical correlations between SPT, overburden pressure and relative density.” Proceedings of 2nd European symposium on penetration testing, Amsterdam (1982)."
[24] Wolff, Thomas F. "Pile capacity prediction using parameter functions.” Predicted and Observed Axial Behavior of Piles: Results of a Pile Prediction Symposium. ASCE, (1989).
[25] Webb, D.L. "Settlement of Structures on Deep Alluvial Sandy Sediments in Durban, South Africa.” Proceedings of the Conference on In Situ Investigations in Soils and Rocks, BGS., (1969): 181-187.
[26] Bowles, J.E. "Foundation Analysis and Design.” 3rd Ed., McGraw Hill, Inc., New York, (1982).
[27] Denver. H. "Modulus of Elasticity for Sand Determined by SPT and CPT.” Proceedings of the 2nd European Symposium on Penetration Testing, Vol. I, (1982): 35-40.
[28] ECP 202/3. "Egyptian code for soil mechanics – design and construction of foundations.” Part 3, Shallow Foundation. The Housing and Building Research Center (HBRC), Cairo, Egypt, (2005).
[29] Hazen, Allen. "Some physical properties of sands and gravels: with special reference to their use in filtration.” State Sanitation Volume II (2013). doi:10.4159/harvard.9780674600485.c25.
[30] ECP 202/2. "Egyptian code for soil mechanics – design and construction of foundations.” Part 2, Laboratory tests. The Housing and Building Research Center (HBRC), Cairo, Egypt, (2005).
[31] Duncan, James Moyer, and A. L. Buchignani. "An Engineering Manual for Settlement Studies”: By JM Duncan and AL Buchignani. Department of Civil Engineering, University of California, (1976).
[32] Mair, R. J., M. J. Gunn, and M. P. O'REILLY. "Ground Movement around Shallow Tunnels in Soft Clay.” International Journal of Rock Mechanics and Mining Sciences & Geomechanics Abstracts 19, no. 6 (December 1982): 141. doi:10.1016/0148-9062(82)91516-9.
[33] O'Reilly, M.P., and B.M. New. "Settlement above Tunnels in the United Kingdom ” Their Magnitude and Prediction.” International Journal of Rock Mechanics and Mining Sciences & Geomechanics Abstracts 20, no. 1 (February 1983): A18. doi:10.1016/0148-9062(83)91768-0.
[34] Mair, R. J., and R. N. Taylor. "Theme lecture: Bored tunnelling in the urban environment.” Proceedings of the fourteenth international conference on soil mechanics and foundation engineering. Rotterdam, (1997)."
[35] Oteo, C., and J. F. Moya. "Evaluación de parámetros del suelo de Madrid con relación a la construcción de túneles.” In: Proceedings of the 7th European Conference on Soil Mechanics and Foundation Engineering, Brighton." Vol. 3, No. 13, (1979): 239-247.
[36] Sagaseta, C., J. F. Moya, and C. Oteo. "Estimation of ground subsidence over urban tunnels.” 2nd Int. Conf. "Ground movements and structure. (1980"): 331-345."
[37] Limaniv, J. A. "Infolge Tunnelbau in kambrischen Tonen Leningrad Inst-Inzh.” Zhelezu, Transport (1957)."
[38] Sagaseta, C. "Analysis of Undraind Soil Deformation Due to Ground Loss.” Géotechnique 37, no. 3 (September 1987): 301–320. doi:10.1680/geot.1987.37.3.301.
[39] Sagaseta, C. "Discussion: Analysis of Undrained Soil Deformation Due to Ground Loss.” Géotechnique 38, no. 4 (December 1988): 647–649. doi:10.1680/geot.1988.38.4.647.
[40] Uriel, A.O., and Sagaseta, C. "Selection of design parameters for underground construction.” In Proceedings of the 12th International Congress on Soil Mechanics, Río de Janeiro, 13–18 August, 1989, General report, Discussion session. A.A. Balkema, Rotterdam. Vol. 9, (1989): 2521–2551.
[41] Ercelebi, S. G., et al. "Surface settlement prediction for Istanbul metro tunnels via 3D FE and empirical methods.” Tunneling and Underground Space Technology, London, England (2005): 163-169.
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