An Experimental Study on Concrete's Durability and Mechanical Characteristics Subjected to Different Curing Regimes
Vol. 7 No. 4 (2021): April
Research Articles
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Considering a constant demand in construction of concrete structures to develop novel approaches for predicting the concert's properties, a host of investigations were performed on concrete's mechanical properties and durability under various curing regimes. However, few studies were concerned with evaluating the concrete's durability using non-destructive concrete surface resistivity tests by applying various curing conditions. The present study compares the influence of different curing regimes on durability and compressive strength of concrete to recommend the most effective curing conditions on concrete's characteristics. Five curing conditions including ambient, laboratory, dry oven, wet oven and 7-days were analyzed. Accordingly, a non-destructive concrete surface resistivity test was performed on the concrete specimens using hand-held Wenner Resipod probe meter as a reliable and rapid approach. To analyze specimen's durability, results of the surface sensitivity tests were correlated to chloride ion penetration rate based on the cylinder specimen dimensions and the degree of chloride ion penetration. The compressive strength tests were conducted on the specimens after 7, 28 and 56 days to determine the effect of curing conditions at different ages. Based on the reported outcomes, applying the wet oven curing regime results in higher compressive strength and durability compared to the other curing conditions.
Doi: 10.28991/cej-2021-03091681
Full Text: PDF
Borrero, E. L. S., Farhangi, V., Jadidi, K., & Karakouzian, M. (2021). An Experimental Study on Concrete’s Durability and Mechanical Characteristics Subjected to Different Curing Regimes. Civil Engineering Journal, 7(4), 676–689. https://doi.org/10.28991/cej-2021-03091681
[1] Balestra, Carlos Eduardo Tino, Thiago Alessi Reichert, Wagner Alessandro Pansera, and Gustavo Savaris. "Evaluation of Chloride Ion Penetration through Concrete Surface Electrical Resistivity of Field Naturally Degraded Structures Present in Marine Environment.” Construction and Building Materials 230 (January 2020): 116979. doi:10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2019.116979.
[2] Lu, Caifeng, Wei Wang, Qingsong Zhou, Shenghuai Wei, and Chen Wang. "Mechanical Behavior Degradation of Recycled Aggregate Concrete after Simulated Acid Rain Spraying.” Journal of Cleaner Production 262 (July 2020): 121237. doi:10.1016/j.jclepro.2020.121237.
[3] Long, Guangcheng, Youjun Xie, Zhiyu Luo, Lu Qu, John L. Zhou, and Wengui Li. "Deterioration Mechanism of Steam-Cured Concrete Subjected to Coupled Environmental Acid and Drying Action.” Journal of Infrastructure Preservation and Resilience 1, no. 1 (March 23, 2020). doi:10.1186/s43065-020-00001-2.
[4] Kumar, Shashikant, Baboo Rai, Rahul Biswas, Pijush Samui, and Dookie Kim. "Prediction of Rapid Chloride Permeability of Self-Compacting Concrete Using Multivariate Adaptive Regression Spline and Minimax Probability Machine Regression.” Journal of Building Engineering 32 (November 2020): 101490. doi:10.1016/j.jobe.2020.101490.
[5] Azarsa, Pejman, and Rishi Gupta. "Electrical Resistivity of Concrete for Durability Evaluation: A Review.” Advances in Materials Science and Engineering 2017 (2017): 1–30. doi:10.1155/2017/8453095.
[6] FM5-578, Florida method of test for concrete resistivity as an electrical indicator of its permeability, Florida Department of Transportation. (2004) 4–7.
[7] A. Malakooti, M. Maguire, R.J. Thomas, Evaluating Electrical Resistivity as a Performance based Test for Utah Bridge Deck Concrete (CAIT-UTC-NC35), Rutgers University. Center for Advanced Infrastructure and Transportation. (2018).
[8] Karakouzian, Moses, Visar Farhangi, Marzieh Ramezani Farani, Alireza Joshaghani, Mehdi Zadehmohamad, and Mohammad Ahmadzadeh. "Mechanical Characteristics of Cement Paste in the Presence of Carbon Nanotubes and Silica Oxide Nanoparticles: An Experimental Study.” Materials 14, no. 6 (March 11, 2021): 1347. doi:10.3390/ma14061347.
[9] Elyasigorji, A., M. Rezaee, and A. Ghorbanpoor. "Magnetic Corrosion Detection in Concrete Structures.” International Conference on Sustainable Infrastructure 2019 (November 4, 2019): 175–184. doi:10.1061/9780784482650.018.
[10] Salimi, Javid, Amir Mohammad Ramezanianpour, and Mohammad Javad Moradi. "Studying the Effect of Low Reactivity Metakaolin on Free and Restrained Shrinkage of High Performance Concrete.” Journal of Building Engineering 28 (March 2020): 101053. doi:10.1016/j.jobe.2019.101053.
[11] Roshani, Mohammad Mehdi, Seyed Hamidreza Kargar, Visar Farhangi, and Moses Karakouzian. "Predicting the Effect of Fly Ash on Concrete's Mechanical Properties by ANN.” Sustainability 13, no. 3 (January 31, 2021): 1469. doi:10.3390/su13031469.
[12] Ghaderi, Aref, Vahid Morovati, Pouyan Nasiri, and Roozbeh Dargazany. "Uncertainty Quantification in Predicting Behaviour of Rubber-Like Materials in Uni-Axial Loading.” Volume 12: Mechanics of Solids, Structures, and Fluids (November 16, 2020). doi:10.1115/imece2020-24200.
[13] Jomaah, Muyasser M., and Diyaree J. Ghaidan. "Energy Absorption Capacity Of Layered Lightweight Reinforced Concrete Beams With Openings In Web.” Civil Engineering Journal 5, no. 3 (March 19, 2019): 690. doi:10.28991/cej-2019-03091279.
[14] Farhangi, Visar, and Moses Karakouzian. "Effect of Fiber Reinforced Polymer Tubes Filled with Recycled Materials and Concrete on Structural Capacity of Pile Foundations.” Applied Sciences 10, no. 5 (February 25, 2020): 1554. doi:10.3390/app10051554.
[15] Karimipour, Arash, Mansour Ghalehnovi, and Jorge de Brito. "Mechanical and Durability Properties of Steel Fibre-Reinforced Rubberised Concrete.” Construction and Building Materials 257 (October 2020): 119463. doi:10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2020.119463.
[16] Cartuxo, Francisco, Jorge de Brito, Luis Evangelista, José Jiménez, and Enrique Ledesma. "Increased Durability of Concrete Made with Fine Recycled Concrete Aggregates Using Superplasticizers.” Materials 9, no. 2 (February 8, 2016): 98. doi:10.3390/ma9020098.
[17] Karimipour, Arash, Mansour Ghalehnovi, Jorge de Brito, and Mohammad Attari. "The Effect of Polypropylene Fibres on the Compressive Strength, Impact and Heat Resistance of Self-Compacting Concrete.” Structures 25 (June 2020): 72–87. doi:10.1016/j.istruc.2020.02.022.
[18] Sadrmomtazi, Ali, Behzad Tahmouresi, and Reza Kohani Khoshkbijari. "Effect of Fly Ash and Silica Fume on Transition Zone, Pore Structure and Permeability of Concrete.” Magazine of Concrete Research 70, no. 10 (May 2018): 519–532. doi:10.1680/jmacr.16.00537.
[19] Ibrahim, M., M. Shameem, M. Al-Mehthel, and M. Maslehuddin. "Effect of Curing Methods on Strength and Durability of Concrete Under Hot Weather Conditions.” Cement and Concrete Composites 41 (August 2013): 60–69. doi:10.1016/j.cemconcomp.2013.04.008.
[20] Silva, R.V., J. de Brito, and Nabajyoti Saikia. "Influence of Curing Conditions on the Durability-Related Performance of Concrete Made with Selected Plastic Waste Aggregates.” Cement and Concrete Composites 35, no. 1 (January 2013): 23–31. doi:10.1016/j.cemconcomp.2012.08.017.
[21] Afroughsabet, Vahid, Luigi Biolzi, and Togay Ozbakkaloglu. "Influence of Double Hooked-End Steel Fibers and Slag on Mechanical and Durability Properties of High Performance Recycled Aggregate Concrete.” Composite Structures 181 (December 2017): 273–284. doi:10.1016/j.compstruct.2017.08.086.
[22] Thomas, C., J. Setién, J.A. Polanco, A.I. Cimentada, and C. Medina. "Influence of Curing Conditions on Recycled Aggregate Concrete.” Construction and Building Materials 172 (May 2018): 618–625. doi:10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2018.04.009.
[23] Hong, Sungnam. "Influence of Curing Conditions on the Strength Properties of Polysulfide Polymer Concrete.” Applied Sciences 7, no. 8 (August 14, 2017): 833. doi:10.3390/app7080833.
[24] Sabbağ, Nevbahar, and Osman Uyanık. "Determination of the Reinforced Concrete Strength by Apparent Resistivity Depending on the Curing Conditions.” Journal of Applied Geophysics 155 (August 2018): 13–25. doi:10.1016/j.jappgeo.2018.03.007.
[25] Mehdipour, Sadegh, Iman.M. Nikbin, Soudabeh Dezhampanah, Reza Mohebbi, HamidHabibi Moghadam, Shahin Charkhtab, and Abolhasan Moradi. "Mechanical Properties, Durability and Environmental Evaluation of Rubberized Concrete Incorporating Steel Fiber and Metakaolin at Elevated Temperatures.” Journal of Cleaner Production 254 (May 2020): 120126. doi:10.1016/j.jclepro.2020.120126.
[26] Falliano, Devid, Dario De Domenico, Giuseppe Ricciardi, and Ernesto Gugliandolo. "Compressive and Flexural Strength of Fiber-Reinforced Foamed Concrete: Effect of Fiber Content, Curing Conditions and Dry Density.” Construction and Building Materials 198 (February 2019): 479–493. doi:10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2018.11.197.
[27] Miled, K., K. Sab, and R. Le Roy. "Particle Size Effect on EPS Lightweight Concrete Compressive Strength: Experimental Investigation and Modelling.” Mechanics of Materials 39, no. 3 (March 2007): 222–240. doi:10.1016/j.mechmat.2006.05.008.
[28] Gebretsadik, B., K. Jadidi, V. Farhangi, and M. Karakouzian. "Application of Ultrasonic Measurements for the Evaluation of Steel Fiber Reinforced Concrete.” Engineering, Technology & Applied Science Research 11, no. 1 (February 6, 2021): 6662–6667. doi:10.48084/etasr.3915.
[29] Cho, Young-Keun, Sung-Won Yoo, Sang-Hwa Jung, Kwang-Myong Lee, and Seung-Jun Kwon. "Effect of Na2O Content, SiO2/Na2O Molar Ratio, and Curing Conditions on the Compressive Strength of FA-Based Geopolymer.” Construction and Building Materials 145 (August 2017): 253–260. doi:10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2017.04.004.
[30] Zou, Chao, Guangcheng Long, Cong Ma, and Youjun Xie. "Effect of Subsequent Curing on Surface Permeability and Compressive Strength of Steam-Cured Concrete.” Construction and Building Materials 188 (November 2018): 424–432. doi:10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2018.08.076.
[31] Velandia, Diego F., Cyril J. Lynsdale, John L. Provis, and Fernando Ramirez. "Effect of Mix Design Inputs, Curing and Compressive Strength on the Durability of Na2SO4-Activated High Volume Fly Ash Concretes.” Cement and Concrete Composites 91 (August 2018): 11–20. doi:10.1016/j.cemconcomp.2018.03.028.
[32] Hassan, A.M.T., G.H. Mahmud, A.S. Mohammed, and S.W. Jones. "The Influence of Normal Curing Temperature on the Compressive Strength Development and Flexural Tensile Behaviour of UHPFRC with Vipulanandan Model Quantification.” Structures 30 (April 2021): 949–959. doi:10.1016/j.istruc.2021.01.063.
[33] P.N. Hiremath, S.C. Yaragal, Effect of different curing regimes and durations on early strength development of reactive powder concrete, Construction and Building Materials. 154 (2017) 72–87. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2017.07.181.
[34] Šžengül, Ö. "Probabilistic Design for the Durability of Reinforced Concrete Structural Elements Exposed to Chloride Containing Environments". Teknik Dergi/Technical Journal of Turkish Chamber of Civil Engineers 22 (2011): 1461-1475
[35] Wang, Zhendi, Qiang Zeng, Ling Wang, Yan Yao, and Kefei Li. "Characterizing blended cement pastes under cyclic freeze–thaw actions by electrical resistivity." Construction and Building Materials 44 (2013): 477-486. doi:10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2013.02.042.
[36] Chidiac, S.E., and M. Shafikhani. "Electrical Resistivity Model for Quantifying Concrete Chloride Diffusion Coefficient.” Cement and Concrete Composites 113 (October 2020): 103707. doi:10.1016/j.cemconcomp.2020.103707.
[37] Cosoli, G., A. Mobili, N. Giulietti, P. Chiariotti, G. Pandarese, F. Tittarelli, T. Bellezze, N. Mikanovic, and G.M. Revel. "Performance of Concretes Manufactured with Newly Developed Low-Clinker Cements Exposed to Water and Chlorides: Characterization by Means of Electrical Impedance Measurements.” Construction and Building Materials 271 (February 2021): 121546. doi:10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2020.121546.
[38] Thiyagarajan, Karthick, Parikshit Acharya, Lasitha Piyathilaka, and Sarath Kodagoda. "Numerical Modeling of the Effects of Electrode Spacing and Multilayered Concrete Resistivity on the Apparent Resistivity Measured Using Wenner Method.” 2020 15th IEEE Conference on Industrial Electronics and Applications (ICIEA) (November 9, 2020): 200–206. doi:10.1109/iciea48937.2020.9248217.
[39] ASTM International, Designation: C172/C172M − 17, "Standard Practice for Sampling Freshly Mixed Concrete,” Annual Book of ASTM." International Standard Worldwide (2009).
[40] American Association of State and Highway Transportation Officials, AASHTO T 358-19-Standard Method of Test for Surface Resistivity Indication of Concrete's Ability to Resist Chloride Ion Penetration, (2019).
[41] Sengul, Ozkan. "Use of Electrical Resistivity as an Indicator for Durability.” Construction and Building Materials 73 (December 2014): 434–441. doi:10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2014.09.077.
[42] Lim, Tze Yang Darren, Bahador Sabet Divsholi, and Susanto Teng. "In Situ Inspection of Ultra Durable Concrete Using Electrical Resistivity Technique.” Advanced Materials Research 368–373 (October 2011): 1989–1992. doi:10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.368-373.1989.
[43] Spragg, R. P., J. Castro, T. Nantung, M. Paredes, and J. Weiss. "Variability Analysis of the Bulk Resistivity Measured Using Concrete Cylinders.” Advances in Civil Engineering Materials 1, no. 1 (July 2012): ACEM–2012–0004. doi:10.1520/acem-2012-0004.
[44] Sbartaí¯, Z.M., S. Laurens, J. Rhazi, J.P. Balayssac, and G. Arliguie. "Using Radar Direct Wave for Concrete Condition Assessment: Correlation with Electrical Resistivity.” Journal of Applied Geophysics 62, no. 4 (August 2007): 361–374. doi:10.1016/j.jappgeo.2007.02.003.
[2] Lu, Caifeng, Wei Wang, Qingsong Zhou, Shenghuai Wei, and Chen Wang. "Mechanical Behavior Degradation of Recycled Aggregate Concrete after Simulated Acid Rain Spraying.” Journal of Cleaner Production 262 (July 2020): 121237. doi:10.1016/j.jclepro.2020.121237.
[3] Long, Guangcheng, Youjun Xie, Zhiyu Luo, Lu Qu, John L. Zhou, and Wengui Li. "Deterioration Mechanism of Steam-Cured Concrete Subjected to Coupled Environmental Acid and Drying Action.” Journal of Infrastructure Preservation and Resilience 1, no. 1 (March 23, 2020). doi:10.1186/s43065-020-00001-2.
[4] Kumar, Shashikant, Baboo Rai, Rahul Biswas, Pijush Samui, and Dookie Kim. "Prediction of Rapid Chloride Permeability of Self-Compacting Concrete Using Multivariate Adaptive Regression Spline and Minimax Probability Machine Regression.” Journal of Building Engineering 32 (November 2020): 101490. doi:10.1016/j.jobe.2020.101490.
[5] Azarsa, Pejman, and Rishi Gupta. "Electrical Resistivity of Concrete for Durability Evaluation: A Review.” Advances in Materials Science and Engineering 2017 (2017): 1–30. doi:10.1155/2017/8453095.
[6] FM5-578, Florida method of test for concrete resistivity as an electrical indicator of its permeability, Florida Department of Transportation. (2004) 4–7.
[7] A. Malakooti, M. Maguire, R.J. Thomas, Evaluating Electrical Resistivity as a Performance based Test for Utah Bridge Deck Concrete (CAIT-UTC-NC35), Rutgers University. Center for Advanced Infrastructure and Transportation. (2018).
[8] Karakouzian, Moses, Visar Farhangi, Marzieh Ramezani Farani, Alireza Joshaghani, Mehdi Zadehmohamad, and Mohammad Ahmadzadeh. "Mechanical Characteristics of Cement Paste in the Presence of Carbon Nanotubes and Silica Oxide Nanoparticles: An Experimental Study.” Materials 14, no. 6 (March 11, 2021): 1347. doi:10.3390/ma14061347.
[9] Elyasigorji, A., M. Rezaee, and A. Ghorbanpoor. "Magnetic Corrosion Detection in Concrete Structures.” International Conference on Sustainable Infrastructure 2019 (November 4, 2019): 175–184. doi:10.1061/9780784482650.018.
[10] Salimi, Javid, Amir Mohammad Ramezanianpour, and Mohammad Javad Moradi. "Studying the Effect of Low Reactivity Metakaolin on Free and Restrained Shrinkage of High Performance Concrete.” Journal of Building Engineering 28 (March 2020): 101053. doi:10.1016/j.jobe.2019.101053.
[11] Roshani, Mohammad Mehdi, Seyed Hamidreza Kargar, Visar Farhangi, and Moses Karakouzian. "Predicting the Effect of Fly Ash on Concrete's Mechanical Properties by ANN.” Sustainability 13, no. 3 (January 31, 2021): 1469. doi:10.3390/su13031469.
[12] Ghaderi, Aref, Vahid Morovati, Pouyan Nasiri, and Roozbeh Dargazany. "Uncertainty Quantification in Predicting Behaviour of Rubber-Like Materials in Uni-Axial Loading.” Volume 12: Mechanics of Solids, Structures, and Fluids (November 16, 2020). doi:10.1115/imece2020-24200.
[13] Jomaah, Muyasser M., and Diyaree J. Ghaidan. "Energy Absorption Capacity Of Layered Lightweight Reinforced Concrete Beams With Openings In Web.” Civil Engineering Journal 5, no. 3 (March 19, 2019): 690. doi:10.28991/cej-2019-03091279.
[14] Farhangi, Visar, and Moses Karakouzian. "Effect of Fiber Reinforced Polymer Tubes Filled with Recycled Materials and Concrete on Structural Capacity of Pile Foundations.” Applied Sciences 10, no. 5 (February 25, 2020): 1554. doi:10.3390/app10051554.
[15] Karimipour, Arash, Mansour Ghalehnovi, and Jorge de Brito. "Mechanical and Durability Properties of Steel Fibre-Reinforced Rubberised Concrete.” Construction and Building Materials 257 (October 2020): 119463. doi:10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2020.119463.
[16] Cartuxo, Francisco, Jorge de Brito, Luis Evangelista, José Jiménez, and Enrique Ledesma. "Increased Durability of Concrete Made with Fine Recycled Concrete Aggregates Using Superplasticizers.” Materials 9, no. 2 (February 8, 2016): 98. doi:10.3390/ma9020098.
[17] Karimipour, Arash, Mansour Ghalehnovi, Jorge de Brito, and Mohammad Attari. "The Effect of Polypropylene Fibres on the Compressive Strength, Impact and Heat Resistance of Self-Compacting Concrete.” Structures 25 (June 2020): 72–87. doi:10.1016/j.istruc.2020.02.022.
[18] Sadrmomtazi, Ali, Behzad Tahmouresi, and Reza Kohani Khoshkbijari. "Effect of Fly Ash and Silica Fume on Transition Zone, Pore Structure and Permeability of Concrete.” Magazine of Concrete Research 70, no. 10 (May 2018): 519–532. doi:10.1680/jmacr.16.00537.
[19] Ibrahim, M., M. Shameem, M. Al-Mehthel, and M. Maslehuddin. "Effect of Curing Methods on Strength and Durability of Concrete Under Hot Weather Conditions.” Cement and Concrete Composites 41 (August 2013): 60–69. doi:10.1016/j.cemconcomp.2013.04.008.
[20] Silva, R.V., J. de Brito, and Nabajyoti Saikia. "Influence of Curing Conditions on the Durability-Related Performance of Concrete Made with Selected Plastic Waste Aggregates.” Cement and Concrete Composites 35, no. 1 (January 2013): 23–31. doi:10.1016/j.cemconcomp.2012.08.017.
[21] Afroughsabet, Vahid, Luigi Biolzi, and Togay Ozbakkaloglu. "Influence of Double Hooked-End Steel Fibers and Slag on Mechanical and Durability Properties of High Performance Recycled Aggregate Concrete.” Composite Structures 181 (December 2017): 273–284. doi:10.1016/j.compstruct.2017.08.086.
[22] Thomas, C., J. Setién, J.A. Polanco, A.I. Cimentada, and C. Medina. "Influence of Curing Conditions on Recycled Aggregate Concrete.” Construction and Building Materials 172 (May 2018): 618–625. doi:10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2018.04.009.
[23] Hong, Sungnam. "Influence of Curing Conditions on the Strength Properties of Polysulfide Polymer Concrete.” Applied Sciences 7, no. 8 (August 14, 2017): 833. doi:10.3390/app7080833.
[24] Sabbağ, Nevbahar, and Osman Uyanık. "Determination of the Reinforced Concrete Strength by Apparent Resistivity Depending on the Curing Conditions.” Journal of Applied Geophysics 155 (August 2018): 13–25. doi:10.1016/j.jappgeo.2018.03.007.
[25] Mehdipour, Sadegh, Iman.M. Nikbin, Soudabeh Dezhampanah, Reza Mohebbi, HamidHabibi Moghadam, Shahin Charkhtab, and Abolhasan Moradi. "Mechanical Properties, Durability and Environmental Evaluation of Rubberized Concrete Incorporating Steel Fiber and Metakaolin at Elevated Temperatures.” Journal of Cleaner Production 254 (May 2020): 120126. doi:10.1016/j.jclepro.2020.120126.
[26] Falliano, Devid, Dario De Domenico, Giuseppe Ricciardi, and Ernesto Gugliandolo. "Compressive and Flexural Strength of Fiber-Reinforced Foamed Concrete: Effect of Fiber Content, Curing Conditions and Dry Density.” Construction and Building Materials 198 (February 2019): 479–493. doi:10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2018.11.197.
[27] Miled, K., K. Sab, and R. Le Roy. "Particle Size Effect on EPS Lightweight Concrete Compressive Strength: Experimental Investigation and Modelling.” Mechanics of Materials 39, no. 3 (March 2007): 222–240. doi:10.1016/j.mechmat.2006.05.008.
[28] Gebretsadik, B., K. Jadidi, V. Farhangi, and M. Karakouzian. "Application of Ultrasonic Measurements for the Evaluation of Steel Fiber Reinforced Concrete.” Engineering, Technology & Applied Science Research 11, no. 1 (February 6, 2021): 6662–6667. doi:10.48084/etasr.3915.
[29] Cho, Young-Keun, Sung-Won Yoo, Sang-Hwa Jung, Kwang-Myong Lee, and Seung-Jun Kwon. "Effect of Na2O Content, SiO2/Na2O Molar Ratio, and Curing Conditions on the Compressive Strength of FA-Based Geopolymer.” Construction and Building Materials 145 (August 2017): 253–260. doi:10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2017.04.004.
[30] Zou, Chao, Guangcheng Long, Cong Ma, and Youjun Xie. "Effect of Subsequent Curing on Surface Permeability and Compressive Strength of Steam-Cured Concrete.” Construction and Building Materials 188 (November 2018): 424–432. doi:10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2018.08.076.
[31] Velandia, Diego F., Cyril J. Lynsdale, John L. Provis, and Fernando Ramirez. "Effect of Mix Design Inputs, Curing and Compressive Strength on the Durability of Na2SO4-Activated High Volume Fly Ash Concretes.” Cement and Concrete Composites 91 (August 2018): 11–20. doi:10.1016/j.cemconcomp.2018.03.028.
[32] Hassan, A.M.T., G.H. Mahmud, A.S. Mohammed, and S.W. Jones. "The Influence of Normal Curing Temperature on the Compressive Strength Development and Flexural Tensile Behaviour of UHPFRC with Vipulanandan Model Quantification.” Structures 30 (April 2021): 949–959. doi:10.1016/j.istruc.2021.01.063.
[33] P.N. Hiremath, S.C. Yaragal, Effect of different curing regimes and durations on early strength development of reactive powder concrete, Construction and Building Materials. 154 (2017) 72–87. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2017.07.181.
[34] Šžengül, Ö. "Probabilistic Design for the Durability of Reinforced Concrete Structural Elements Exposed to Chloride Containing Environments". Teknik Dergi/Technical Journal of Turkish Chamber of Civil Engineers 22 (2011): 1461-1475
[35] Wang, Zhendi, Qiang Zeng, Ling Wang, Yan Yao, and Kefei Li. "Characterizing blended cement pastes under cyclic freeze–thaw actions by electrical resistivity." Construction and Building Materials 44 (2013): 477-486. doi:10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2013.02.042.
[36] Chidiac, S.E., and M. Shafikhani. "Electrical Resistivity Model for Quantifying Concrete Chloride Diffusion Coefficient.” Cement and Concrete Composites 113 (October 2020): 103707. doi:10.1016/j.cemconcomp.2020.103707.
[37] Cosoli, G., A. Mobili, N. Giulietti, P. Chiariotti, G. Pandarese, F. Tittarelli, T. Bellezze, N. Mikanovic, and G.M. Revel. "Performance of Concretes Manufactured with Newly Developed Low-Clinker Cements Exposed to Water and Chlorides: Characterization by Means of Electrical Impedance Measurements.” Construction and Building Materials 271 (February 2021): 121546. doi:10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2020.121546.
[38] Thiyagarajan, Karthick, Parikshit Acharya, Lasitha Piyathilaka, and Sarath Kodagoda. "Numerical Modeling of the Effects of Electrode Spacing and Multilayered Concrete Resistivity on the Apparent Resistivity Measured Using Wenner Method.” 2020 15th IEEE Conference on Industrial Electronics and Applications (ICIEA) (November 9, 2020): 200–206. doi:10.1109/iciea48937.2020.9248217.
[39] ASTM International, Designation: C172/C172M − 17, "Standard Practice for Sampling Freshly Mixed Concrete,” Annual Book of ASTM." International Standard Worldwide (2009).
[40] American Association of State and Highway Transportation Officials, AASHTO T 358-19-Standard Method of Test for Surface Resistivity Indication of Concrete's Ability to Resist Chloride Ion Penetration, (2019).
[41] Sengul, Ozkan. "Use of Electrical Resistivity as an Indicator for Durability.” Construction and Building Materials 73 (December 2014): 434–441. doi:10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2014.09.077.
[42] Lim, Tze Yang Darren, Bahador Sabet Divsholi, and Susanto Teng. "In Situ Inspection of Ultra Durable Concrete Using Electrical Resistivity Technique.” Advanced Materials Research 368–373 (October 2011): 1989–1992. doi:10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.368-373.1989.
[43] Spragg, R. P., J. Castro, T. Nantung, M. Paredes, and J. Weiss. "Variability Analysis of the Bulk Resistivity Measured Using Concrete Cylinders.” Advances in Civil Engineering Materials 1, no. 1 (July 2012): ACEM–2012–0004. doi:10.1520/acem-2012-0004.
[44] Sbartaí¯, Z.M., S. Laurens, J. Rhazi, J.P. Balayssac, and G. Arliguie. "Using Radar Direct Wave for Concrete Condition Assessment: Correlation with Electrical Resistivity.” Journal of Applied Geophysics 62, no. 4 (August 2007): 361–374. doi:10.1016/j.jappgeo.2007.02.003.
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