Stability and Deformation Analysis of Landslide under Coupling Effect of Rainfall and Reservoir Drawdown
Vol. 7 No. 7 (2021): July
Research Articles
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Landslides, a devastating hazard, continue to happen, affecting the lives of thousands of people each year. Fluctuation in the Reservoir Water Level (FRWL) is one of the leading features disturbing the slope stability in reservoir areas, drawdown is more crucial than the rise to the stability of landslide. Latest studies grounded on field investigation and monitoring data propose that landslides in reservoir areas are initiated not solely by one issue like precipitation or FRWL, however conjointly by their joint actions. Zhulinwan landslide in Chongqing, China, Three Gorges Reservoir (TGR) area was analyzed by field investigation and numerical modelling to evaluate the characteristics of the landslide. The changes in landslide stability and deformation under the effect of reservoir drawdown and rainfall is analyzed using GEOSLOPE Software. The seepage analysis is done using SEEP W Model, afterward deformation and stability analysis using SLOPE W and SIGMA W respectively. The analysis confirmed that the coupling effect of reservoir drawdown at 1.2 m/d and rainstorm of once in 50 years return period makes the landslide unstable. Moreover, deformation at the same condition is maximum 0.049 m. The findings may be used by local authorities to help make decisions about slope stabilization in the event of a confirmed significant rainfall event.
Doi: 10.28991/cej-2021-03091713
Full Text: PDF
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[42] Shi, Lei, Bin Zhang, Lei Wang, Han-xun Wang, and Hui-jie Zhang. "Functional Efficiency Assessment of the Water Curtain System in an Underground Water-Sealed Oil Storage Cavern Based on Time-Series Monitoring Data.” Engineering Geology 239 (May 2018): 79–95. doi:10.1016/j.enggeo.2018.03.015.
[2] Wu, Na, Zhengzhao Liang, Jingren Zhou, and Lizhou Zhang. "Energy evolution characteristics of coal specimens with preformed holes under uniaxial compression." Geomechanics and Engineering 20, no. 1 (2020): 55-66. doi:10.12989/gae.2020.20.1.055
[3] YU, S. "Numerical Analysis Of The Seepage Characteristics Of Slopes With Weak Interlayers Under Different Rainfall Levels.” Applied Ecology and Environmental Research 17, no. 5 5 (2019): 12465-12478. doi:10.15666/aeer/1705_1246512478.
[4] Zhou, Wei, Xuyang Shi, Xiang Lu, Chongchong Qi, Boyu Luan, and Fuming Liu. "The Mechanical and Microstructural Properties of Refuse Mudstone-GGBS-Red Mud Based Geopolymer Composites Made with Sand.” Construction and Building Materials 253 (August 2020): 119193. doi:10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2020.119193.
[5] Liu, Jianhao, Shaoyun Pu, and Junying Rao. "Visco-Elastoplastic Constitutive Fatigue Model for Rocks.” Advances in Civil Engineering 2020 (June 11, 2020): 1–11. doi:10.1155/2020/4292043.
[6] Zhang, Liguo, Xinquan Chen, Yonggang Zhang, Fuwei Wu, Fei Chen, Weiting Wang, and Fei Guo. "Application of GWO-ELM Model to Prediction of Caojiatuo Landslide Displacement in the Three Gorge Reservoir Area.” Water 12, no. 7 (June 29, 2020): 1860. doi:10.3390/w12071860.
[7] Li, Chun, Huiming Tang, and Yankun Wang. "Study on the Deformation Mechanism of Reservoir Landslides Considering Rheological Properties of the Slip Zone Soil: A Case Study in the Three Gorges Reservoir Region.” Sustainability 12, no. 16 (August 10, 2020): 6427. doi:10.3390/su12166427.
[8] Corominas, Jordi, and José Moya. "Reconstructing Recent Landslide Activity in Relation to Rainfall in the Llobregat River Basin, Eastern Pyrenees, Spain.” Geomorphology 30, no. 1–2 (October 1999): 79–93. doi:10.1016/s0169-555x(99)00046-x.
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[10] Guzzetti, F., S. Peruccacci, M. Rossi, and C. P. Stark. "Rainfall Thresholds for the Initiation of Landslides in Central and Southern Europe.” Meteorology and Atmospheric Physics 98, no. 3–4 (June 18, 2007): 239–267. doi:10.1007/s00703-007-0262-7.
[11] Keqiang, He, Wang Shangqing, Du Wen, and Wang Sijing. "Dynamic Features and Effects of Rainfall on Landslides in the Three Gorges Reservoir Region, China: Using the Xintan Landslide and the Large Huangya Landslide as the Examples.” Environmental Earth Sciences 59, no. 6 (March 10, 2009): 1267–1274. doi:10.1007/s12665-009-0114-5.
[12] Yeh, Hsin-Fu, and Cheng-Haw Lee. "Soil Water Balance Model for Precipitation-Induced Shallow Landslides.” Environmental Earth Sciences 70, no. 6 (February 21, 2013): 2691–2701. doi:10.1007/s12665-013-2326-y.
[13] Igwe, Ogbonnaya, Wilfred Mode, Okechukwu Nnebedum, Ikenna Okonkwo, and Ifeanyi Oha. "The Analysis of Rainfall-Induced Slope Failures at Iva Valley Area of Enugu State, Nigeria.” Environmental Earth Sciences 71, no. 5 (July 9, 2013): 2465–2480. doi:10.1007/s12665-013-2647-x.
[14] Xu, Shiluo, and Ruiqing Niu. "Displacement Prediction of Baijiabao Landslide Based on Empirical Mode Decomposition and Long Short-Term Memory Neural Network in Three Gorges Area, China.” Computers & Geosciences 111 (February 2018): 87–96. doi:10.1016/j.cageo.2017.10.013.
[15] Tang, Huiming, Janusz Wasowski, and C. Hsein Juang. "Geohazards in the Three Gorges Reservoir Area, China – Lessons Learned from Decades of Research.” Engineering Geology 261 (November 2019): 105267. doi:10.1016/j.enggeo.2019.105267.
[16] Zuo, Renguang, and Emmanuel John M. Carranza. "A Fractal Measure of Spatial Association between Landslides and Conditioning Factors.” Journal of Earth Science 28, no. 4 (July 27, 2017): 588–594. doi:10.1007/s12583-017-0772-2..
[17] Pinyol, Núria M., Eduardo E. Alonso, and Sebastií Olivella. "Rapid Drawdown in Slopes and Embankments.” Water Resources Research 44, no. 5 (May 2008). doi:10.1029/2007wr006525.
[18] Pinyol, Núria M., Eduardo E. Alonso, Jordi Corominas, and José Moya. "Canelles Landslide: Modelling Rapid Drawdown and Fast Potential Sliding.” Landslides 9, no. 1 (May 17, 2011): 33–51. doi:10.1007/s10346-011-0264-x.
[19] Wang, Yankun, Jinsong Huang, and Huiming Tang. "Global Sensitivity Analysis of the Hydraulic Parameters of the Reservoir Colluvial Landslides in the Three Gorges Reservoir Area, China.” Landslides 17, no. 2 (October 27, 2019): 483–494. doi:10.1007/s10346-019-01290-9.
[20] Cao, Chen, Qing Wang, Jianping Chen, Yunkai Ruan, Lianjing Zheng, Shengyuan Song, and Cencen Niu. "Landslide Susceptibility Mapping in Vertical Distribution Law of Precipitation Area: Case of the Xulong Hydropower Station Reservoir, Southwestern China.” Water 8, no. 7 (June 28, 2016): 270. doi:10.3390/w8070270.
[21] Deng, H., L. Z. Wu, R. Q. Huang, X. G. Guo, and Q. He. "Formation of the Siwanli Ancient Landslide in the Dadu River, China.” Landslides 14, no. 1 (September 27, 2016): 385–394. doi:10.1007/s10346-016-0756-9.
[22] Jiang, Jiwei, Wei Xiang, Wei Zhang, and Jiajun Pan. "Deformation Forecasting of Huangtupo Riverside Landslide in the Case of Frequent Microseisms.” Journal of Earth Science 27, no. 1 (February 2016): 160–166. doi:10.1007/s12583-016-0617-4.
[23] Wang, Min, and Wen Wan. "A New Empirical Formula for Evaluating Uniaxial Compressive Strength Using the Schmidt Hammer Test.” International Journal of Rock Mechanics and Mining Sciences 123 (November 2019): 104094. doi:10.1016/j.ijrmms.2019.104094.
[24] Yan, Zong-Ling, Jun-Jie Wang, and He-Jun Chai. "Influence of Water Level Fluctuation on Phreatic Line in Silty Soil Model Slope.” Engineering Geology 113, no. 1–4 (May 2010): 90–98. doi:10.1016/j.enggeo.2010.02.004.
[25] Keqiang, He, Li Xiangran, Yan Xueqing, and Guo Dong. "The Landslides in the Three Gorges Reservoir Region, China and the Effects of Water Storage and Rain on Their Stability.” Environmental Geology 55, no. 1 (August 8, 2007): 55–63. doi:10.1007/s00254-007-0964-7.
[26] Deng, Jianhui, Jinbing Wei, Hong Min, L. G. Tham, and C. F. Lee. "Response of an old landslide to reservoir filling: A case history." Science in China Series E Engineering & Materials Science 48, no. 1 (2005): 27-32. doi:10.1360/04zze3.
[27] Berilgen, Mehmet M. "Investigation of Stability of Slopes under Drawdown Conditions.” Computers and Geotechnics 34, no. 2 (March 2007): 81–91. doi:10.1016/j.compgeo.2006.10.004.
[28] Luo, X.Q., H. Sun, L.G. Tham, and S.M. Junaideen. "Landslide Model Test System and Its Application on the Study of Shiliushubao Landslide in Three Gorges Reservoir Area.” Soils and Foundations 50, no. 2 (April 2010): 309–317. doi:10.3208/sandf.50.309.
[29] Cojean, R., and Y. J. Caí¯. "Analysis and Modeling of Slope Stability in the Three-Gorges Dam Reservoir (China) ” The Case of Huangtupo Landslide.” Journal of Mountain Science 8, no. 2 (March 31, 2011): 166–175. doi:10.1007/s11629-011-2100-0.
[30] Paronuzzi, Paolo, Elia Rigo, and Alberto Bolla. "Influence of Filling–drawdown Cycles of the Vajont Reservoir on Mt. Toc Slope Stability.” Geomorphology 191 (June 2013): 75–93. doi:10.1016/j.geomorph.2013.03.004.
[31] Mirzaie Aminian, Farzad, Ehsan Khojastehfar, and Hamid Ghanbari. "Effects of Near-Fault Strong Ground Motions on Probabilistic Structural Seismic-Induced Damages.” Civil Engineering Journal 5, no. 4 (April 27, 2019): 796–809. doi:10.28991/cej-2019-03091289.
[32] Hsu, Chia-Feng, and Lien-Kwei Chien. "Slope stability analysis of transient seepage under extreme climates: case study of typhoon nari in 2001." Journal of Marine Science and Technology 24, no. 3 (2016): 399-412. doi: 10.6119/JMST-015-0813-1.
[33] Manual, GEOSTUDIO User'S. "Geo-slope international Ltd." Calgary, Alberta, Canada T2P 2Y5 (2012).
[34] Yeh, Hsin-Fu, Jinge Wang, Kang-Ling Shen, and Cheng-Haw Lee. "Rainfall Characteristics for Anisotropic Conductivity of Unsaturated Soil Slopes.” Environmental Earth Sciences 73, no. 12 (January 22, 2015): 8669–8681. doi:10.1007/s12665-015-4032-4.
[35] Elkady, Tamer Y., Ahmed Al-Mahbashi, Muawia Dafalla, and Mosleh Al-Shamrani. "Effect of Compaction State on the Soil Water Characteristic Curves of Sand–natural Expansive Clay Mixtures.” European Journal of Environmental and Civil Engineering 21, no. 3 (November 18, 2015): 289–302. doi:10.1080/19648189.2015.1112844.
[36] Ganjian, Navid, Yadollah Pashang Pisheh, and Seyed Majdeddin Mir Mohammad Hosseini. "Prediction of Soil–Water Characteristic Curve Based on Soil Index Properties.” Experimental Unsaturated Soil Mechanics (n.d.): 355–367. doi:10.1007/3-540-69873-6_36.
[37] Van Genuchten, M. Th. "A Closed-Form Equation for Predicting the Hydraulic Conductivity of Unsaturated Soils.” Soil Science Society of America Journal 44, no. 5 (September 1980): 892–898. doi:10.2136/sssaj1980.0361599500440005 0002x.
[38] Sun, Guanhua, Yongtao Yang, Wei Jiang, and Hong Zheng. "Effects of an Increase in Reservoir Drawdown Rate on Bank Slope Stability: A Case Study at the Three Gorges Reservoir, China.” Engineering Geology 221 (April 2017): 61–69. doi:10.1016/j.enggeo.2017.02.018.
[39] Wang, Haibin, Yinghao Sun, Yunzhi Tan, Tan Sui, and Guanhua Sun. "Deformation Characteristics and Stability Evolution Behavior of Woshaxi Landslide during the Initial Impoundment Period of the Three Gorges Reservoir.” Environmental Earth Sciences 78, no. 20 (October 2019). doi:10.1007/s12665-019-8592-6.
[40] Yang, Beibei, Kunlong Yin, Ting Xiao, Lixia Chen, and Juan Du. "Annual Variation of Landslide Stability Under the Effect of Water Level Fluctuation and Rainfall in the Three Gorges Reservoir, China.” Environmental Earth Sciences 76, no. 16 (August 2017). doi:10.1007/s12665-017-6898-9.
[41] Zhang, Yonggang, Shuyun Zhu, Junkun Tan, Lindan Li, and Xiangjie Yin. "The Influence of Water Level Fluctuation on the Stability of Landslide in the Three Gorges Reservoir.” Arabian Journal of Geosciences 13, no. 17 (August 24, 2020). doi:10.1007/s12517-020-05828-3.
[42] Shi, Lei, Bin Zhang, Lei Wang, Han-xun Wang, and Hui-jie Zhang. "Functional Efficiency Assessment of the Water Curtain System in an Underground Water-Sealed Oil Storage Cavern Based on Time-Series Monitoring Data.” Engineering Geology 239 (May 2018): 79–95. doi:10.1016/j.enggeo.2018.03.015.
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