Impact of Length and Percent Dosage of Recycled Steel Fibers on the Mechanical Properties of Concrete
Vol. 7 No. 10 (2021): October
Research Articles
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Doi: 10.28991/cej-2021-03091750
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Gul, A., Alam, B., Iqbal, M. J., Ahmed, W., Shahzada, K., Javed, M. H., & Khan, E. A. (2021). Impact of Length and Percent Dosage of Recycled Steel Fibers on the Mechanical Properties of Concrete. Civil Engineering Journal, 7(10), 1650–1666. https://doi.org/10.28991/cej-2021-03091750
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[1] Siddique, Rafat, and Tarun R. Naik. "Properties of Concrete Containing Scrap-Tire Rubber – an Overview.” Waste Management 24, no. 6 (January 2004): 563–569. doi:10.1016/j.wasman.2004.01.006.
[2] Centonze, G., M. Leone, and M.A. Aiello. "Steel Fibers from Waste Tires as Reinforcement in Concrete: A Mechanical Characterization.” Construction and Building Materials 36 (November 2012): 46–57. doi:10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2012.04.088.
[3] Samarakoon, S.M Samindi M.K, Pål Ruben, Jí¸rgen Wie Pedersen, and Luis Evangelista. "Mechanical Performance of Concrete Made of Steel Fibers from Tire Waste.” Case Studies in Construction Materials 11 (December 2019): e00259. doi:10.1016/j.cscm.2019.e00259.
[4] Li, Guoqiang, Michael A. Stubblefield, Gregory Garrick, John Eggers, Christopher Abadie, and Baoshan Huang. "Development of Waste Tire Modified Concrete.” Cement and Concrete Research 34, no. 12 (December 2004): 2283–2289. doi:10.1016/j.cemconres.2004.04.013.
[5] Papakonstantinou, Christos G., and Matthew J. Tobolski. "Use of Waste Tire Steel Beads in Portland Cement Concrete.” Cement and Concrete Research 36, no. 9 (September 2006): 1686–1691. doi:10.1016/j.cemconres.2006.05.015.
[6] Xiong, Zhe, Zhen Fang, Wanhui Feng, Feng Liu, Fei Yang, and Lijuan Li. "Review of Dynamic Behaviour of Rubberised Concrete at Material and Member Levels.” Journal of Building Engineering 38 (June 2021): 102237. doi:10.1016/j.jobe.2021.102237.
[7] Pham, Thong M., Wensu Chen, Abdul M. Khan, Hong Hao, Mohamed Elchalakani, and Tung M. Tran. "Dynamic Compressive Properties of Lightweight Rubberized Concrete.” Construction and Building Materials 238 (March 2020): 117705. doi:10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2019.117705.
[8] Thai, Quoc Ba, Ren Ooi Chong, Phuc T.T. Nguyen, Duyen K. Le, Phung K. Le, Nhan Phan-Thien, and Hai M. Duong. "Recycling of Waste Tire Fibers into Advanced Aerogels for Thermal Insulation and Sound Absorption Applications.” Journal of Environmental Chemical Engineering 8, no. 5 (October 2020): 104279. doi:10.1016/j.jece.2020.104279.
[9] Awolusi, Temitope F., Oluwaseyi L. Oke, Olumoyewa D. Atoyebi, Olufunke O. Akinkurolere, and Adebayo O. Sojobi. "Waste Tires Steel Fiber in Concrete: a Review.” Innovative Infrastructure Solutions 6, no. 1 (November 26, 2020). doi:10.1007/s41062-020-00393-w.
[10] Ahmed, Wisal, and C.W. Lim. "Production of Sustainable and Structural Fiber Reinforced Recycled Aggregate Concrete with Improved Fracture Properties: A Review.” Journal of Cleaner Production 279 (January 2021): 123832. doi:10.1016/j.jclepro.2020.123832.
[11] Aiello, M.A., F. Leuzzi, G. Centonze, and A. Maffezzoli. "Use of Steel Fibres Recovered from Waste Tyres as Reinforcement in Concrete: Pull-Out Behaviour, Compressive and Flexural Strength.” Waste Management 29, no. 6 (June 2009): 1960–1970. doi:10.1016/j.wasman.2008.12.002.
[12] Achilleos, Constantia, Diofantos Hadjimitsis, Kyriacos Neocleous, Kypros Pilakoutas, Pavlos O. Neophytou, and Stelios Kallis. "Proportioning of Steel Fibre Reinforced Concrete Mixes for Pavement Construction and Their Impact on Environment and Cost.” Sustainability 3, no. 7 (July 8, 2011): 965–983. doi:10.3390/su3070965.
[13] Masmoudi, AbdelMonem, and Jamel Bouaziz. "Durability of Steel Fibres Reinforcement Concrete Beams in Chloride Environment Combined with Inhibitor.” Advances in Materials Science and Engineering 2016 (2016): 1–6. doi:10.1155/2016/1743952.
[14] Micelli, Francesco, Leandro Candido, Emilia Vasanelli, Maria Antonietta Aiello, and Giovanni Plizzari. "Effects of Short Fibers on the Long-Term Behavior of RC/FRC Beams Aged Under Service Loading.” Applied Sciences 9, no. 12 (June 21, 2019): 2540. doi:10.3390/app9122540.
[15] Fauzan, F.A. Ismail, R. Sandi, N. Syah, A.P. Melinda. "The Effects of Steel Fibers Extracted From Waste Tyre on Concrete Containing Palm Oil Fuel Ash.” International Journal of GEOMATE 14, no. 44 (April 1, 2018): 142–148. doi:10.21660/2018.44.3563.
[16] Suleman, Muhammad, Naveed Ahmad, Sibghat Ullah Khan, and Tufail Ahmad. "Investigating Flexural Performance of Waste Tires Steel Fibers-Reinforced Cement-Treated Mixtures for Sustainable Composite Pavements.” Construction and Building Materials 275 (March 2021): 122099. doi:10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2020.122099.
[17] Liew, K.M., and Arslan Akbar. "The Recent Progress of Recycled Steel Fiber Reinforced Concrete.” Construction and Building Materials 232 (January 2020): 117232. doi:10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2019.117232.
[18] Tu'ma, Nasser Hakeem, and Mustafa Raad Aziz. "Flexural Performance of Composite Ultra-High-Performance Concrete-Encased Steel Hollow Beams.” Civil Engineering Journal 5, no. 6 (June 23, 2019): 1289–1304. doi:10.28991/cej-2019-03091332.
[19] Ahmed, Wisal, and C.W. Lim. "Coupling Effect Assessment of Vacuum Based Pozzolana Slurry Encrusted Recycled Aggregate and Basalt Fiber on Mechanical Performance of Fiber Reinforced Concrete.” Construction and Building Materials 300 (September 2021): 124032. doi:10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2021.124032.
[20] Yavaş, Altuğ, Umut Hasgul, Kaan Turker, and Tamer Birol. "Effective Fiber Type Investigation on the Shear Behavior of Ultrahigh-Performance Fiber-Reinforced Concrete Beams.” Advances in Structural Engineering 22, no. 7 (January 3, 2019): 1591–1605. doi:10.1177/1369433218820788.
[21] Huang, Bo-Tao, Yu-Tian Wang, Jia-Qi Wu, Jing Yu, Jian-Guo Dai, and Christopher KY Leung. "Effect of Fiber Content on Mechanical Performance and Cracking Characteristics of Ultra-High-Performance Seawater Sea-Sand Concrete (UHP-SSC).” Advances in Structural Engineering 24, no. 6 (November 24, 2020): 1182–1195. doi:10.1177/1369433220972452.
[22] Gao, Danying, Jiahua Jing, Gang Chen, and Lin Yang. "Experimental Investigation on Flexural Behavior of Hybrid Fibers Reinforced Recycled Brick Aggregates Concrete.” Construction and Building Materials 227 (December 2019): 116652. doi:10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2019.08.033.
[23] Pourbaba, Masoud, Hamed Sadaghian, and Amir Mirmiran. "A Comparative Study of Flexural and Shear Behavior of Ultra-High-Performance Fiber-Reinforced Concrete Beams.” Advances in Structural Engineering 22, no. 7 (January 23, 2019): 1727-1738. doi:10.1177/1369433218823848.
[24] Hussain Wagan, Rizwan. "The Effect of Waste Tyre Steel Fibers Distribution Characteristics on the Flexural Strength of Concrete with Improving Environmental Impact in Pakistan.” American Journal of Applied Scientific Research 3, no. 5 (2017): 49. doi:10.11648/j.ajasr.20170305.11.
[25] Leone, M., G. Centonze, D. Colonna, F. Micelli, and M.A. Aiello. "Fiber-Reinforced Concrete with Low Content of Recycled Steel Fiber: Shear Behaviour.” Construction and Building Materials 161 (February 2018): 141-155. doi:10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2017.11.101.
[26] Frazí£o, Cristina, Joaquim Barros, and J. Bogas. "Durability of Recycled Steel Fiber Reinforced Concrete in Chloride Environment.” Fibers 7, no. 12 (December 16, 2019): 111. doi:10.3390/fib7120111.
[27] Alabduljabbar, Hisham, Rayed Alyousef, Fahed Alrshoudi, Abdulaziz Alaskar, Ahmed Fathi, and Abdeliazim Mustafa Mohamed. "Mechanical Effect of Steel Fiber on the Cement Replacement Materials of Self-Compacting Concrete.” Fibers 7, no. 4 (April 25, 2019): 36. doi:10.3390/fib7040036.
[28] Wang, Jiaqing, Qingli Dai, Ruizhe Si, Yunxiang Ma, and Shuaicheng Guo. "Fresh and Mechanical Performance and Freeze-Thaw Durability of Steel Fiber-Reinforced Rubber Self-Compacting Concrete (SRSCC).” Journal of Cleaner Production 277 (December 2020): 123180. doi:10.1016/j.jclepro.2020.123180.
[29] Mehdipour, Sadegh, Iman.M. Nikbin, Soudabeh Dezhampanah, Reza Mohebbi, HamidHabibi Moghadam, Shahin Charkhtab, and Abolhasan Moradi. "Mechanical Properties, Durability and Environmental Evaluation of Rubberized Concrete Incorporating Steel Fiber and Metakaolin at Elevated Temperatures.” Journal of Cleaner Production 254 (May 2020): 120126. doi:10.1016/j.jclepro.2020.120126.
[30] Shewalul, Yohannes Werkina. "Experimental Study of the Effect of Waste Steel Scrap as Reinforcing Material on the Mechanical Properties of Concrete.” Case Studies in Construction Materials 14 (June 2021): e00490. doi:10.1016/j.cscm.2021.e00490.
[31] Simalti, Ashish, and A. P. Singh. "Fresh and Mechanical Properties of Recycled Steel Fiber Reinforced Self-Consolidating Concrete.” Sustainable Environment and Infrastructure (September 17, 2020): 271–279. doi:10.1007/978-3-030-51354-2_24.
[32] Koushkbaghi, Mahdi, Mahyar Jafar Kazemi, Hossein Mosavi, and Ehsan Mohseni. "Acid Resistance and Durability Properties of Steel Fiber-Reinforced Concrete Incorporating Rice Husk Ash and Recycled Aggregate.” Construction and Building Materials 202 (March 2019): 266–275. doi:10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2018.12.224.
[33] Dezhampanah, Soudabeh, ImanM. Nikbin, Shahin Charkhtab, Faezeh Fakhimi, Sadegh Mehdipour Bazkiaei, and Reza Mohebbi. "Environmental Performance and Durability of Concrete Incorporating Waste Tire Rubber and Steel Fiber Subjected to Acid Attack.” Journal of Cleaner Production 268 (September 2020): 122216. doi:10.1016/j.jclepro.2020.122216.
[34] ASTM C127. "Standard Test Method for Density, Relative Density (Specific Gravity), and Absorption of Coarse Aggregate." ASTM International, West Conshohocken, PA (2012).
[35] ASTM C128. "Standard Test Method for Density, Relative Density (Specific Gravity), and Absorption of Fine Aggregate." ASTM International, West Conshohocken, PA (2012).
[36] ASTM A370. "Standard Test Methods and Definitions for Mechanical Testing of Steel Products." ASTM International, West Conshohocken, PA, (2014).
[37] ASTM C150. "Standard Specification for Portland Cement." ASTM International, West Conshohocken, PA (2009).
[38] ASTM C136 / C136M. "Standard Test Method for Sieve Analysis of Fine and Coarse Aggregates.” ASTM International, West Conshohocken, PA (2019).
[39] ASTM C566. "Standard Test Method for Total Evaporable Moisture Content of Aggregate by Drying,” ASTM International, West Conshohocken, PA (2020).
[40] ASTM C70. "Standard Test Method for Surface Moisture in Fine Aggregate,” ASTM International, West Conshohocken, PA (2020).
[41] Joorabchian, Seyed M. "Durability of concrete exposed to sulfuric acid attack." Theses and dissertations. Presented to Ryerson University, Toronto, Ontario, Canada (2010): 184.
[42] Subathra Devi, V. "Durability Properties of Multiple Blended Concrete.” Construction and Building Materials 179 (August 2018): 649–660. doi:10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2018.05.056.
[43] ASTM C78/C78M. "Standard Test Method for Flexural Strength of Concrete (Using Simple Beam with Third-Point Loading).” ASTM International, West Conshohocken, PA (2018).
[44] ACI Committee 318-19, 318-19: Building Code Requirements for Structural Concrete and Commentary, (2019).
[45] Gul, Akhtar, Bashir Alam, Wisal Ahmed, Nauman Wahab, Khan Shahzada, Yasir Irfan Badrashi, Sajjad Wali Khan, and Muhammad Nasir Ayaz Khan. "Strengthening and Characterization of Existing Reinforced Concrete Beams for Flexure by Effective Utilization of External Steel Elements.” Advances in Structural Engineering 24, no. 2 (August 17, 2020): 243–251. doi:10.1177/1369433220950614.
[46] Marara, Khaled, Özgür Erenb, and Ä°brahim Yitmena. "Compression Specific Toughness of Normal Strength Steel Fiber Reinforced Concrete (NSSFRC) and High Strength Steel Fiber Reinforced Concrete (HSSFRC).” Materials Research 14, no. 2 (June 3, 2011): 239–247. doi:10.1590/s1516-14392011005000042.
[47] D. Darwin, C.W. Dolan, A.H. Nilson, "Design of Concrete Structures” Fifteenth Edition, McGraw Hill Education, (2016).
[48] Qiu, Minghong, Xudong Shao, Kay Wille, Banfu Yan, and Jiajia Wu. "Experimental Investigation on Flexural Behavior of Reinforced Ultra High Performance Concrete Low-Profile T-Beams.” International Journal of Concrete Structures and Materials 14, no. 1 (January 21, 2020). doi:10.1186/s40069-019-0380-x.
[49] Behbahani, Hamid Pesaran, Behzad Nematollahi, Abdul Rahman Mohd Sam, and F. C. Lai. "Flexural behavior of steel-fiber-added-RC (SFARC) beams with C30 and C50 classes of concrete." International Journal of Sustainable Construction Engineering and Technology 3, no. 1 (2012): 54-64.
[2] Centonze, G., M. Leone, and M.A. Aiello. "Steel Fibers from Waste Tires as Reinforcement in Concrete: A Mechanical Characterization.” Construction and Building Materials 36 (November 2012): 46–57. doi:10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2012.04.088.
[3] Samarakoon, S.M Samindi M.K, Pål Ruben, Jí¸rgen Wie Pedersen, and Luis Evangelista. "Mechanical Performance of Concrete Made of Steel Fibers from Tire Waste.” Case Studies in Construction Materials 11 (December 2019): e00259. doi:10.1016/j.cscm.2019.e00259.
[4] Li, Guoqiang, Michael A. Stubblefield, Gregory Garrick, John Eggers, Christopher Abadie, and Baoshan Huang. "Development of Waste Tire Modified Concrete.” Cement and Concrete Research 34, no. 12 (December 2004): 2283–2289. doi:10.1016/j.cemconres.2004.04.013.
[5] Papakonstantinou, Christos G., and Matthew J. Tobolski. "Use of Waste Tire Steel Beads in Portland Cement Concrete.” Cement and Concrete Research 36, no. 9 (September 2006): 1686–1691. doi:10.1016/j.cemconres.2006.05.015.
[6] Xiong, Zhe, Zhen Fang, Wanhui Feng, Feng Liu, Fei Yang, and Lijuan Li. "Review of Dynamic Behaviour of Rubberised Concrete at Material and Member Levels.” Journal of Building Engineering 38 (June 2021): 102237. doi:10.1016/j.jobe.2021.102237.
[7] Pham, Thong M., Wensu Chen, Abdul M. Khan, Hong Hao, Mohamed Elchalakani, and Tung M. Tran. "Dynamic Compressive Properties of Lightweight Rubberized Concrete.” Construction and Building Materials 238 (March 2020): 117705. doi:10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2019.117705.
[8] Thai, Quoc Ba, Ren Ooi Chong, Phuc T.T. Nguyen, Duyen K. Le, Phung K. Le, Nhan Phan-Thien, and Hai M. Duong. "Recycling of Waste Tire Fibers into Advanced Aerogels for Thermal Insulation and Sound Absorption Applications.” Journal of Environmental Chemical Engineering 8, no. 5 (October 2020): 104279. doi:10.1016/j.jece.2020.104279.
[9] Awolusi, Temitope F., Oluwaseyi L. Oke, Olumoyewa D. Atoyebi, Olufunke O. Akinkurolere, and Adebayo O. Sojobi. "Waste Tires Steel Fiber in Concrete: a Review.” Innovative Infrastructure Solutions 6, no. 1 (November 26, 2020). doi:10.1007/s41062-020-00393-w.
[10] Ahmed, Wisal, and C.W. Lim. "Production of Sustainable and Structural Fiber Reinforced Recycled Aggregate Concrete with Improved Fracture Properties: A Review.” Journal of Cleaner Production 279 (January 2021): 123832. doi:10.1016/j.jclepro.2020.123832.
[11] Aiello, M.A., F. Leuzzi, G. Centonze, and A. Maffezzoli. "Use of Steel Fibres Recovered from Waste Tyres as Reinforcement in Concrete: Pull-Out Behaviour, Compressive and Flexural Strength.” Waste Management 29, no. 6 (June 2009): 1960–1970. doi:10.1016/j.wasman.2008.12.002.
[12] Achilleos, Constantia, Diofantos Hadjimitsis, Kyriacos Neocleous, Kypros Pilakoutas, Pavlos O. Neophytou, and Stelios Kallis. "Proportioning of Steel Fibre Reinforced Concrete Mixes for Pavement Construction and Their Impact on Environment and Cost.” Sustainability 3, no. 7 (July 8, 2011): 965–983. doi:10.3390/su3070965.
[13] Masmoudi, AbdelMonem, and Jamel Bouaziz. "Durability of Steel Fibres Reinforcement Concrete Beams in Chloride Environment Combined with Inhibitor.” Advances in Materials Science and Engineering 2016 (2016): 1–6. doi:10.1155/2016/1743952.
[14] Micelli, Francesco, Leandro Candido, Emilia Vasanelli, Maria Antonietta Aiello, and Giovanni Plizzari. "Effects of Short Fibers on the Long-Term Behavior of RC/FRC Beams Aged Under Service Loading.” Applied Sciences 9, no. 12 (June 21, 2019): 2540. doi:10.3390/app9122540.
[15] Fauzan, F.A. Ismail, R. Sandi, N. Syah, A.P. Melinda. "The Effects of Steel Fibers Extracted From Waste Tyre on Concrete Containing Palm Oil Fuel Ash.” International Journal of GEOMATE 14, no. 44 (April 1, 2018): 142–148. doi:10.21660/2018.44.3563.
[16] Suleman, Muhammad, Naveed Ahmad, Sibghat Ullah Khan, and Tufail Ahmad. "Investigating Flexural Performance of Waste Tires Steel Fibers-Reinforced Cement-Treated Mixtures for Sustainable Composite Pavements.” Construction and Building Materials 275 (March 2021): 122099. doi:10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2020.122099.
[17] Liew, K.M., and Arslan Akbar. "The Recent Progress of Recycled Steel Fiber Reinforced Concrete.” Construction and Building Materials 232 (January 2020): 117232. doi:10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2019.117232.
[18] Tu'ma, Nasser Hakeem, and Mustafa Raad Aziz. "Flexural Performance of Composite Ultra-High-Performance Concrete-Encased Steel Hollow Beams.” Civil Engineering Journal 5, no. 6 (June 23, 2019): 1289–1304. doi:10.28991/cej-2019-03091332.
[19] Ahmed, Wisal, and C.W. Lim. "Coupling Effect Assessment of Vacuum Based Pozzolana Slurry Encrusted Recycled Aggregate and Basalt Fiber on Mechanical Performance of Fiber Reinforced Concrete.” Construction and Building Materials 300 (September 2021): 124032. doi:10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2021.124032.
[20] Yavaş, Altuğ, Umut Hasgul, Kaan Turker, and Tamer Birol. "Effective Fiber Type Investigation on the Shear Behavior of Ultrahigh-Performance Fiber-Reinforced Concrete Beams.” Advances in Structural Engineering 22, no. 7 (January 3, 2019): 1591–1605. doi:10.1177/1369433218820788.
[21] Huang, Bo-Tao, Yu-Tian Wang, Jia-Qi Wu, Jing Yu, Jian-Guo Dai, and Christopher KY Leung. "Effect of Fiber Content on Mechanical Performance and Cracking Characteristics of Ultra-High-Performance Seawater Sea-Sand Concrete (UHP-SSC).” Advances in Structural Engineering 24, no. 6 (November 24, 2020): 1182–1195. doi:10.1177/1369433220972452.
[22] Gao, Danying, Jiahua Jing, Gang Chen, and Lin Yang. "Experimental Investigation on Flexural Behavior of Hybrid Fibers Reinforced Recycled Brick Aggregates Concrete.” Construction and Building Materials 227 (December 2019): 116652. doi:10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2019.08.033.
[23] Pourbaba, Masoud, Hamed Sadaghian, and Amir Mirmiran. "A Comparative Study of Flexural and Shear Behavior of Ultra-High-Performance Fiber-Reinforced Concrete Beams.” Advances in Structural Engineering 22, no. 7 (January 23, 2019): 1727-1738. doi:10.1177/1369433218823848.
[24] Hussain Wagan, Rizwan. "The Effect of Waste Tyre Steel Fibers Distribution Characteristics on the Flexural Strength of Concrete with Improving Environmental Impact in Pakistan.” American Journal of Applied Scientific Research 3, no. 5 (2017): 49. doi:10.11648/j.ajasr.20170305.11.
[25] Leone, M., G. Centonze, D. Colonna, F. Micelli, and M.A. Aiello. "Fiber-Reinforced Concrete with Low Content of Recycled Steel Fiber: Shear Behaviour.” Construction and Building Materials 161 (February 2018): 141-155. doi:10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2017.11.101.
[26] Frazí£o, Cristina, Joaquim Barros, and J. Bogas. "Durability of Recycled Steel Fiber Reinforced Concrete in Chloride Environment.” Fibers 7, no. 12 (December 16, 2019): 111. doi:10.3390/fib7120111.
[27] Alabduljabbar, Hisham, Rayed Alyousef, Fahed Alrshoudi, Abdulaziz Alaskar, Ahmed Fathi, and Abdeliazim Mustafa Mohamed. "Mechanical Effect of Steel Fiber on the Cement Replacement Materials of Self-Compacting Concrete.” Fibers 7, no. 4 (April 25, 2019): 36. doi:10.3390/fib7040036.
[28] Wang, Jiaqing, Qingli Dai, Ruizhe Si, Yunxiang Ma, and Shuaicheng Guo. "Fresh and Mechanical Performance and Freeze-Thaw Durability of Steel Fiber-Reinforced Rubber Self-Compacting Concrete (SRSCC).” Journal of Cleaner Production 277 (December 2020): 123180. doi:10.1016/j.jclepro.2020.123180.
[29] Mehdipour, Sadegh, Iman.M. Nikbin, Soudabeh Dezhampanah, Reza Mohebbi, HamidHabibi Moghadam, Shahin Charkhtab, and Abolhasan Moradi. "Mechanical Properties, Durability and Environmental Evaluation of Rubberized Concrete Incorporating Steel Fiber and Metakaolin at Elevated Temperatures.” Journal of Cleaner Production 254 (May 2020): 120126. doi:10.1016/j.jclepro.2020.120126.
[30] Shewalul, Yohannes Werkina. "Experimental Study of the Effect of Waste Steel Scrap as Reinforcing Material on the Mechanical Properties of Concrete.” Case Studies in Construction Materials 14 (June 2021): e00490. doi:10.1016/j.cscm.2021.e00490.
[31] Simalti, Ashish, and A. P. Singh. "Fresh and Mechanical Properties of Recycled Steel Fiber Reinforced Self-Consolidating Concrete.” Sustainable Environment and Infrastructure (September 17, 2020): 271–279. doi:10.1007/978-3-030-51354-2_24.
[32] Koushkbaghi, Mahdi, Mahyar Jafar Kazemi, Hossein Mosavi, and Ehsan Mohseni. "Acid Resistance and Durability Properties of Steel Fiber-Reinforced Concrete Incorporating Rice Husk Ash and Recycled Aggregate.” Construction and Building Materials 202 (March 2019): 266–275. doi:10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2018.12.224.
[33] Dezhampanah, Soudabeh, ImanM. Nikbin, Shahin Charkhtab, Faezeh Fakhimi, Sadegh Mehdipour Bazkiaei, and Reza Mohebbi. "Environmental Performance and Durability of Concrete Incorporating Waste Tire Rubber and Steel Fiber Subjected to Acid Attack.” Journal of Cleaner Production 268 (September 2020): 122216. doi:10.1016/j.jclepro.2020.122216.
[34] ASTM C127. "Standard Test Method for Density, Relative Density (Specific Gravity), and Absorption of Coarse Aggregate." ASTM International, West Conshohocken, PA (2012).
[35] ASTM C128. "Standard Test Method for Density, Relative Density (Specific Gravity), and Absorption of Fine Aggregate." ASTM International, West Conshohocken, PA (2012).
[36] ASTM A370. "Standard Test Methods and Definitions for Mechanical Testing of Steel Products." ASTM International, West Conshohocken, PA, (2014).
[37] ASTM C150. "Standard Specification for Portland Cement." ASTM International, West Conshohocken, PA (2009).
[38] ASTM C136 / C136M. "Standard Test Method for Sieve Analysis of Fine and Coarse Aggregates.” ASTM International, West Conshohocken, PA (2019).
[39] ASTM C566. "Standard Test Method for Total Evaporable Moisture Content of Aggregate by Drying,” ASTM International, West Conshohocken, PA (2020).
[40] ASTM C70. "Standard Test Method for Surface Moisture in Fine Aggregate,” ASTM International, West Conshohocken, PA (2020).
[41] Joorabchian, Seyed M. "Durability of concrete exposed to sulfuric acid attack." Theses and dissertations. Presented to Ryerson University, Toronto, Ontario, Canada (2010): 184.
[42] Subathra Devi, V. "Durability Properties of Multiple Blended Concrete.” Construction and Building Materials 179 (August 2018): 649–660. doi:10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2018.05.056.
[43] ASTM C78/C78M. "Standard Test Method for Flexural Strength of Concrete (Using Simple Beam with Third-Point Loading).” ASTM International, West Conshohocken, PA (2018).
[44] ACI Committee 318-19, 318-19: Building Code Requirements for Structural Concrete and Commentary, (2019).
[45] Gul, Akhtar, Bashir Alam, Wisal Ahmed, Nauman Wahab, Khan Shahzada, Yasir Irfan Badrashi, Sajjad Wali Khan, and Muhammad Nasir Ayaz Khan. "Strengthening and Characterization of Existing Reinforced Concrete Beams for Flexure by Effective Utilization of External Steel Elements.” Advances in Structural Engineering 24, no. 2 (August 17, 2020): 243–251. doi:10.1177/1369433220950614.
[46] Marara, Khaled, Özgür Erenb, and Ä°brahim Yitmena. "Compression Specific Toughness of Normal Strength Steel Fiber Reinforced Concrete (NSSFRC) and High Strength Steel Fiber Reinforced Concrete (HSSFRC).” Materials Research 14, no. 2 (June 3, 2011): 239–247. doi:10.1590/s1516-14392011005000042.
[47] D. Darwin, C.W. Dolan, A.H. Nilson, "Design of Concrete Structures” Fifteenth Edition, McGraw Hill Education, (2016).
[48] Qiu, Minghong, Xudong Shao, Kay Wille, Banfu Yan, and Jiajia Wu. "Experimental Investigation on Flexural Behavior of Reinforced Ultra High Performance Concrete Low-Profile T-Beams.” International Journal of Concrete Structures and Materials 14, no. 1 (January 21, 2020). doi:10.1186/s40069-019-0380-x.
[49] Behbahani, Hamid Pesaran, Behzad Nematollahi, Abdul Rahman Mohd Sam, and F. C. Lai. "Flexural behavior of steel-fiber-added-RC (SFARC) beams with C30 and C50 classes of concrete." International Journal of Sustainable Construction Engineering and Technology 3, no. 1 (2012): 54-64.
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