Rehabilitation of Hybrid RC-I Beams with Openings Using CFRP Sheets
Vol. 8 No. 1 (2022): January
Research Articles
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Doi: 10.28991/CEJ-2022-08-01-012
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Salahaldin, A. I., Jomaa’h, M. M., Oukaili, N. A., & Ghaidan, D. J. (2022). Rehabilitation of Hybrid RC-I Beams with Openings Using CFRP Sheets. Civil Engineering Journal, 8(1), 155–166. https://doi.org/10.28991/CEJ-2022-08-01-012
[1] Abtan, G. Jaber, T. (2016). Behavior of Hybrid Reinforced Concrete Beams Combining Reactive Powder Concrete and Varying Ytpes of Lightweight Concrete. Journal of Engineering and Sustainable Development, 20(2), 204–223.
[2] Kheder, G. F., Al Kafaji, J. M., & Dhiab, R. M. (2010). Flexural strength and cracking behavior of hybrid strength concrete beams. Materials and Structures/Materiaux et Constructions, 43(8), 1097–1111. doi:10.1617/s11527-009-9569-9.
[3] Sada, M. J., & Resan, S. F. (2021). Structural behavior of hybrid reinforced concrete beams of trapezoidal section. Materials Today: Proceedings, 42, 2733–2741. doi:10.1016/j.matpr.2020.12.713.
[4] Kammash, K. N. A., Mseer, A. H., & Eedan, O. A. A. 2020. Behavior of hybrid Reinforced Concrete Beams made with two types of concrete (Normal Weight and Reactive Powder Concrete). In IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering (Vol. 737, No. 1, p. 012011). IOP Publishing. doi:10.1088/1757-899X/737/1/012011.
[5] Parhizkar, T., Najimi, M., & Pourkhorshidi, A. R. (2012). Application of pumice aggregate in structural lightweight concrete. Asian Journal of Civil Engineering, 13(1), 43–54.
[6] Minapu, L. K., Ratnam, M. K. M. V., & Rangaraju, U. (2014). Experimental study on light weight aggregate concrete with pumice stone, silica fume and fly ash as a partial replacement of coarse aggregate. International Journal of Innovative Research in Science, Engineering and Technology, 3(12), 18130-18138.
[7] Al-Mamoori, F. H. N., Al-Mamoori, M. H. N., & Najim, W. N. (2018). Production of Structural Light-Weight Aggregate Concrete Using Different Types of Iraqi Local Crushed Materials as Coarse Aggregate. Journal of University of Babylon for Engineering Sciences, 26(1), 362-375.
[8] Suseno, H., Soehardjono, A., Wardana, I. N. G., & Rachmansyah, A. (2019). Relationship between mechanical properties of lightweight concretes made with medium-K basaltic andesitic pumice and Scoria. Journal of Engineering Science and Technology, 14(2), 698–711.
[9] Tan, K. H., Mansur, M. A., & Huang, L. M. (1996). Reinforced concrete T-beams with large web openings in positive and negative moment regions. ACI Structural Journal, 93(3), 277–289. doi:10.14359/9687.
[10] Mansur, M. A. (1998). Effect of openings on the behaviour and strength of R/C beams in shear. Cement and Concrete Composites, 20(6), 477–486. doi:10.1016/S0958-9465(98)00030-4.
[11] Mansur, M. A., Tan, K. H., & Wei, W. (1999). Effects of creating an opening in existing beams. ACI Structural Journal, 96(6), 899–905. doi:10.14359/785.
[12] El-Maaddawy, T., & El-Ariss, B. (2012). Behavior of Concrete Beams with Short Shear Span and Web Opening Strengthened in Shear with CFRP Composites. Journal of Composites for Construction, 16(1), 47–59. doi:10.1061/(asce)cc.1943-5614.0000237.
[13] Mansur, M. A., & Tan, K. H. (1999). Concrete beams with openings: analysis and design. In Choice Reviews Online (Vol. 36, Issue 11). CRC Press. doi:10.5860/choice.36-6307.
[14] Jomaah, M. M., & Diyaree, J. G. (2019). Energy Absorption Capacity Of Layered Lightweight Reinforced Concrete Beams With Openings In Web. Civil Engineering Journal, 5(3), 690-701. doi:10.28991/cej-2019-03091279.
[15] Soudki, K. A. (2001). Concrete problems and repair techniques. Department of Civil Engineering, Univ. of Waterloo, Waterloo ON, Canada.
[16] Alam, M. A., & Al Riyami, K. (2018). Shear strengthening of reinforced concrete beam using natural fibre reinforced polymer laminates. Construction and Building Materials, 162, 683–696. doi:10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2017.12.011.
[17] Mahmoud, A. S., & Muhi, A. H. (2019). Unsymmetrical CFRP strengthening model of Edge Reinforced Concrete Beams. In AUS journal (Vol. 26, Issue 1, pp. 38–50). doi:10.4206/aus.2019.n26-1.4/www.ausrevista.com/editor@ausrevista.com.
[18] Al-Mahaidi, R., Lee, K., & Taplin, G. (2004). Behavior and analysis of RC T-beams partially damaged in shear and repaired with CFRP laminates. In Structures - A Structural Engineering Odyssey, Structures 2001 - Proceedings of the 2001 Structures Congress and Exposition (Vol. 109). doi:10.1061/40558(2001)29.
[19] Abdalla, H. A., Torkey, A. M., Haggag, H. A., & Abu-Amira, A. F. (2003). Design against cracking at openings in reinforced concrete beams strengthened with composite sheets. Composite Structures, 60(2), 197–204. doi:10.1016/S0263-8223(02)00305-7.
[20] Ali, A. Y., Ibrahim, A. A., & Yousif, R. F. (2011). Analysis of Reinforced Concrete Beams with Openings and Strengthened by (CFRP) laminates. Journal of Babylon University, 19(3), 1098–1113.
[21] Chin, S. C., Shafiq, N., & Nuruddin, M. F. (2014). FRP as strengthening material for Reinforced Concrete beams with openings - A review. KSCE Journal of Civil Engineering, 19(1), 213–219. doi:10.1007/s12205-011-0162-8.
[22] Nie, X. F., Zhang, S. S., Teng, J. G., & Chen, G. M. (2018). Experimental study on RC T-section beams with an FRP-strengthened web opening. Composite Structures, 185, 273–285. doi:10.1016/j.compstruct.2017.11.018.
[23] Godat, A., Hammad, F., & Chaallal, O. (2020). State-of-the-art review of anchored FRP shear-strengthened RC beams: A study of influencing factors. Composite Structures, 254, 112767. doi:10.1016/j.compstruct.2020.112767.
[24] Fayyadh, M. M., & Razak, H. A. (2014). Analytical and experimental study on repair effectiveness of CFRP sheets for RC beams. Journal of Civil Engineering and Management, 20(1), 21–31. doi:10.3846/13923730.2013.799095.
[25] Ahmed A, A., Naganathan, S., Nasharuddin, K., & Fayyadh, M. M. (2015). Repair effectiveness of CFRP and steel plates in RC beams with web opening: effect of plate thickness. International Journal of Civil Engineering, 13(2), 234-244. doi:10.22068/IJCE.13.2.234.
[26] Ahmed, A., Naganathan, S., Nasharuddin, K., Fayyadh, M. M., & Jamali, S. (2016). Repair effectiveness of damaged RC beams with web opening using CFRP and steel plates. Jordan Journal of Civil Engineering, 10(2), 163–183. doi:10.14525/jjce.10.1.3534.
[27] Abed, M. J., Fayyadh, M. M., & Khaleel, O. R. (2020). Effect of web opening diameter on performance and failure mode of CFRP repaired RC beams. Materials Today: Proceedings, 42, 388–398. doi:10.1016/j.matpr.2020.09.591.
[28] Yu, F., Guo, S., Wang, S., & Fang, Y. (2019). Experimental study on high pre-cracked RC beams shear-strengthened with CFRP strips. Composite Structures, 225, 111163. doi:10.1016/j.compstruct.2019.111163.
[29] Yu, F., Fang, Y., Guo, S., Bai, R., Yin, L., & Mansouri, I. (2021). A simple model for maximum diagonal crack width estimation of shear-strengthened pre-damaged beams with CFRP strips. Journal of Building Engineering, 41(September2021), 102716. doi:10.1016/j.jobe.2021.102716.
[30] Oukaili, N. K., & Shammari, A. H. (2013). Response of reinforced concrete beams with multiple web openings to static load. Proceedings of the 4th Asia-Pacific Conference on FRP in Structures, APFIS 2013.
[31] Hafiz, R. B., Ahmed, S., Barua, S., & Chowdhury, S. R. (2014). Effects of Opening on the Behavior of Reinforced Concrete Beam. IOSR Journal of Mechanical and Civil Engineering, 11(2), 52–61. doi:10.9790/1684-11275261.
[32] IQS No. 45/1984. (1984) Natural aggregate using in concrete and building. In Iraqi Standard Specification (IQS), Central Organization for Standardization and Quality Control, Baghdad, Iraq.
[33] ASTM C330. (2009). Standard Specification for Lightweight Aggregates for Structural Concrete. In ASTM International (Vol. 552, Issue 18, p. 4). doi:10.1520/c0330_c0330m-14.
[34] ASTM C127. (2004). Standard Test Method for Density, Relative Density (Specific Gravity), and Absorption of Coarse Aggregate. In Annual Book of ASTM Standards (pp. 1–5). doi:10.1520/c0127-15.
[35] ASTM C29/C29M-09. (2009). Standard Test Method for Bulk Density ("Unit Weight”) and Voids in Aggregate. In ASTM International: Vol. I (Issue c, pp. 1–5). doi:10.1520/c0029_c0029m-09.
[36] Kang, T. H. K., Howell, J., Kim, S., & Lee, D. J. (2012). A State-of-the-Art Review on Debonding Failures of FRP Laminates Externally Adhered to Concrete. International Journal of Concrete Structures and Materials, 6(2), 123–134. doi:10.1007/s40069-012-0012-1.
[37] Osman, B. H., Wu, E., Ji, B., & Abdulhameed, S. S. (2017). Repair of Pre-cracked Reinforced Concrete (RC) Beams with Openings Strengthened Using FRP Sheets Under Sustained Load. International Journal of Concrete Structures and Materials, 11(1), 171–183. doi:10.1007/s40069-016-0182-3.
[38] Spadea, G., Bencardino, F., & Swamy, R. N. (2000). Optimizing the performance characteristics of beams strengthened with bonded CFRP laminates. Materials and Structures/Materiaux et Constructions, 33(2), 119–126. doi:10.1007/BF02484166.
[39] Haddad, R. H., Al-Rousan, R. Z., & Al-Sedyiri, B. K. (2013). Repair of shear-deficient and sulfate-damaged reinforced concrete beams using FRP composites. Engineering Structures, 56, 228–238. doi:10.1016/j.engstruct.2013.05.007.
[2] Kheder, G. F., Al Kafaji, J. M., & Dhiab, R. M. (2010). Flexural strength and cracking behavior of hybrid strength concrete beams. Materials and Structures/Materiaux et Constructions, 43(8), 1097–1111. doi:10.1617/s11527-009-9569-9.
[3] Sada, M. J., & Resan, S. F. (2021). Structural behavior of hybrid reinforced concrete beams of trapezoidal section. Materials Today: Proceedings, 42, 2733–2741. doi:10.1016/j.matpr.2020.12.713.
[4] Kammash, K. N. A., Mseer, A. H., & Eedan, O. A. A. 2020. Behavior of hybrid Reinforced Concrete Beams made with two types of concrete (Normal Weight and Reactive Powder Concrete). In IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering (Vol. 737, No. 1, p. 012011). IOP Publishing. doi:10.1088/1757-899X/737/1/012011.
[5] Parhizkar, T., Najimi, M., & Pourkhorshidi, A. R. (2012). Application of pumice aggregate in structural lightweight concrete. Asian Journal of Civil Engineering, 13(1), 43–54.
[6] Minapu, L. K., Ratnam, M. K. M. V., & Rangaraju, U. (2014). Experimental study on light weight aggregate concrete with pumice stone, silica fume and fly ash as a partial replacement of coarse aggregate. International Journal of Innovative Research in Science, Engineering and Technology, 3(12), 18130-18138.
[7] Al-Mamoori, F. H. N., Al-Mamoori, M. H. N., & Najim, W. N. (2018). Production of Structural Light-Weight Aggregate Concrete Using Different Types of Iraqi Local Crushed Materials as Coarse Aggregate. Journal of University of Babylon for Engineering Sciences, 26(1), 362-375.
[8] Suseno, H., Soehardjono, A., Wardana, I. N. G., & Rachmansyah, A. (2019). Relationship between mechanical properties of lightweight concretes made with medium-K basaltic andesitic pumice and Scoria. Journal of Engineering Science and Technology, 14(2), 698–711.
[9] Tan, K. H., Mansur, M. A., & Huang, L. M. (1996). Reinforced concrete T-beams with large web openings in positive and negative moment regions. ACI Structural Journal, 93(3), 277–289. doi:10.14359/9687.
[10] Mansur, M. A. (1998). Effect of openings on the behaviour and strength of R/C beams in shear. Cement and Concrete Composites, 20(6), 477–486. doi:10.1016/S0958-9465(98)00030-4.
[11] Mansur, M. A., Tan, K. H., & Wei, W. (1999). Effects of creating an opening in existing beams. ACI Structural Journal, 96(6), 899–905. doi:10.14359/785.
[12] El-Maaddawy, T., & El-Ariss, B. (2012). Behavior of Concrete Beams with Short Shear Span and Web Opening Strengthened in Shear with CFRP Composites. Journal of Composites for Construction, 16(1), 47–59. doi:10.1061/(asce)cc.1943-5614.0000237.
[13] Mansur, M. A., & Tan, K. H. (1999). Concrete beams with openings: analysis and design. In Choice Reviews Online (Vol. 36, Issue 11). CRC Press. doi:10.5860/choice.36-6307.
[14] Jomaah, M. M., & Diyaree, J. G. (2019). Energy Absorption Capacity Of Layered Lightweight Reinforced Concrete Beams With Openings In Web. Civil Engineering Journal, 5(3), 690-701. doi:10.28991/cej-2019-03091279.
[15] Soudki, K. A. (2001). Concrete problems and repair techniques. Department of Civil Engineering, Univ. of Waterloo, Waterloo ON, Canada.
[16] Alam, M. A., & Al Riyami, K. (2018). Shear strengthening of reinforced concrete beam using natural fibre reinforced polymer laminates. Construction and Building Materials, 162, 683–696. doi:10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2017.12.011.
[17] Mahmoud, A. S., & Muhi, A. H. (2019). Unsymmetrical CFRP strengthening model of Edge Reinforced Concrete Beams. In AUS journal (Vol. 26, Issue 1, pp. 38–50). doi:10.4206/aus.2019.n26-1.4/www.ausrevista.com/editor@ausrevista.com.
[18] Al-Mahaidi, R., Lee, K., & Taplin, G. (2004). Behavior and analysis of RC T-beams partially damaged in shear and repaired with CFRP laminates. In Structures - A Structural Engineering Odyssey, Structures 2001 - Proceedings of the 2001 Structures Congress and Exposition (Vol. 109). doi:10.1061/40558(2001)29.
[19] Abdalla, H. A., Torkey, A. M., Haggag, H. A., & Abu-Amira, A. F. (2003). Design against cracking at openings in reinforced concrete beams strengthened with composite sheets. Composite Structures, 60(2), 197–204. doi:10.1016/S0263-8223(02)00305-7.
[20] Ali, A. Y., Ibrahim, A. A., & Yousif, R. F. (2011). Analysis of Reinforced Concrete Beams with Openings and Strengthened by (CFRP) laminates. Journal of Babylon University, 19(3), 1098–1113.
[21] Chin, S. C., Shafiq, N., & Nuruddin, M. F. (2014). FRP as strengthening material for Reinforced Concrete beams with openings - A review. KSCE Journal of Civil Engineering, 19(1), 213–219. doi:10.1007/s12205-011-0162-8.
[22] Nie, X. F., Zhang, S. S., Teng, J. G., & Chen, G. M. (2018). Experimental study on RC T-section beams with an FRP-strengthened web opening. Composite Structures, 185, 273–285. doi:10.1016/j.compstruct.2017.11.018.
[23] Godat, A., Hammad, F., & Chaallal, O. (2020). State-of-the-art review of anchored FRP shear-strengthened RC beams: A study of influencing factors. Composite Structures, 254, 112767. doi:10.1016/j.compstruct.2020.112767.
[24] Fayyadh, M. M., & Razak, H. A. (2014). Analytical and experimental study on repair effectiveness of CFRP sheets for RC beams. Journal of Civil Engineering and Management, 20(1), 21–31. doi:10.3846/13923730.2013.799095.
[25] Ahmed A, A., Naganathan, S., Nasharuddin, K., & Fayyadh, M. M. (2015). Repair effectiveness of CFRP and steel plates in RC beams with web opening: effect of plate thickness. International Journal of Civil Engineering, 13(2), 234-244. doi:10.22068/IJCE.13.2.234.
[26] Ahmed, A., Naganathan, S., Nasharuddin, K., Fayyadh, M. M., & Jamali, S. (2016). Repair effectiveness of damaged RC beams with web opening using CFRP and steel plates. Jordan Journal of Civil Engineering, 10(2), 163–183. doi:10.14525/jjce.10.1.3534.
[27] Abed, M. J., Fayyadh, M. M., & Khaleel, O. R. (2020). Effect of web opening diameter on performance and failure mode of CFRP repaired RC beams. Materials Today: Proceedings, 42, 388–398. doi:10.1016/j.matpr.2020.09.591.
[28] Yu, F., Guo, S., Wang, S., & Fang, Y. (2019). Experimental study on high pre-cracked RC beams shear-strengthened with CFRP strips. Composite Structures, 225, 111163. doi:10.1016/j.compstruct.2019.111163.
[29] Yu, F., Fang, Y., Guo, S., Bai, R., Yin, L., & Mansouri, I. (2021). A simple model for maximum diagonal crack width estimation of shear-strengthened pre-damaged beams with CFRP strips. Journal of Building Engineering, 41(September2021), 102716. doi:10.1016/j.jobe.2021.102716.
[30] Oukaili, N. K., & Shammari, A. H. (2013). Response of reinforced concrete beams with multiple web openings to static load. Proceedings of the 4th Asia-Pacific Conference on FRP in Structures, APFIS 2013.
[31] Hafiz, R. B., Ahmed, S., Barua, S., & Chowdhury, S. R. (2014). Effects of Opening on the Behavior of Reinforced Concrete Beam. IOSR Journal of Mechanical and Civil Engineering, 11(2), 52–61. doi:10.9790/1684-11275261.
[32] IQS No. 45/1984. (1984) Natural aggregate using in concrete and building. In Iraqi Standard Specification (IQS), Central Organization for Standardization and Quality Control, Baghdad, Iraq.
[33] ASTM C330. (2009). Standard Specification for Lightweight Aggregates for Structural Concrete. In ASTM International (Vol. 552, Issue 18, p. 4). doi:10.1520/c0330_c0330m-14.
[34] ASTM C127. (2004). Standard Test Method for Density, Relative Density (Specific Gravity), and Absorption of Coarse Aggregate. In Annual Book of ASTM Standards (pp. 1–5). doi:10.1520/c0127-15.
[35] ASTM C29/C29M-09. (2009). Standard Test Method for Bulk Density ("Unit Weight”) and Voids in Aggregate. In ASTM International: Vol. I (Issue c, pp. 1–5). doi:10.1520/c0029_c0029m-09.
[36] Kang, T. H. K., Howell, J., Kim, S., & Lee, D. J. (2012). A State-of-the-Art Review on Debonding Failures of FRP Laminates Externally Adhered to Concrete. International Journal of Concrete Structures and Materials, 6(2), 123–134. doi:10.1007/s40069-012-0012-1.
[37] Osman, B. H., Wu, E., Ji, B., & Abdulhameed, S. S. (2017). Repair of Pre-cracked Reinforced Concrete (RC) Beams with Openings Strengthened Using FRP Sheets Under Sustained Load. International Journal of Concrete Structures and Materials, 11(1), 171–183. doi:10.1007/s40069-016-0182-3.
[38] Spadea, G., Bencardino, F., & Swamy, R. N. (2000). Optimizing the performance characteristics of beams strengthened with bonded CFRP laminates. Materials and Structures/Materiaux et Constructions, 33(2), 119–126. doi:10.1007/BF02484166.
[39] Haddad, R. H., Al-Rousan, R. Z., & Al-Sedyiri, B. K. (2013). Repair of shear-deficient and sulfate-damaged reinforced concrete beams using FRP composites. Engineering Structures, 56, 228–238. doi:10.1016/j.engstruct.2013.05.007.
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