Evaluating the Potential of Recycled Asphalt for Sustainable Road Construction: An Environmental and Economic Analysis
Vol. 9 No. 6 (2023): June
Research Articles
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Doi: 10.28991/CEJ-2023-09-06-014
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Ahmeti, M., Ahmetaj, M., & Krelani, V. (2023). Evaluating the Potential of Recycled Asphalt for Sustainable Road Construction: An Environmental and Economic Analysis. Civil Engineering Journal, 9(6), 1482–1490. https://doi.org/10.28991/CEJ-2023-09-06-014
[1] Jaawani, S., Franco, A., De Luca, G., Coppola, O., & Bonati, A. (2021). Limitations on the use of recycled asphalt pavement in structural concrete. Applied Sciences (Switzerland), 11(22), 10901. doi:10.3390/app112210901.
[2] ASKdata. (2023). Kosovo Statistics Agency. Available online: https://askdata.rks-gov.net/pxweb/en/ASKdata/ASKdata__ Transport__Annual %20indicators/tr06.px/table/tableViewLayout1/ (accessed on April 2023).
[3] Jashari, V. (2011). Road infrastructure development and investment in Kosovo. Master Thesis, Rochester Institute of Technology, Rochester, United States.
[4] Ahmeti, M., & Beqaj, B. (2015). The effects of recycling asphalt use in terms of economic growth and environmental improvement in Kosovo. International Conference on Civil Engineering, Infrastructure, and Environment, 189–200. doi:10.33107/ubt-ic.2015.79.
[5] Reyes-Ortiz, O., Berardinelli, E., Alvarez, A. E., Carvajal-Muñoz, J. S., & Fuentes, L. G. (2012). Evaluation of Hot Mix Asphalt Mixtures with Replacement of Aggregates by Reclaimed Asphalt Pavement (RAP) Material. Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences, 53, 379–388. doi:10.1016/j.sbspro.2012.09.889.
[6] Hasan, A., Hasan, U., Whyte, A., & Al Jassmi, H. (2022). Lifecycle Analysis of Recycled Asphalt Pavements: Case Study Scenario Analyses of an Urban Highway Section. CivilEng, 3(2), 242–262. doi:10.3390/civileng3020015.
[7] Bennert, T., & Dongré, R. (2010). Back calculation method to determine effective asphalt binder properties of recycled asphalt pavement mixtures. Transportation Research Record, 2179(2179), 75–84. doi:10.3141/2179-09.
[8] Rathore, M., Zaumanis, M., & Haritonovs, V. (2019). Asphalt Recycling Technologies: A Review on Limitations and Benefits. IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering, 660(1), 12046. doi:10.1088/1757-899X/660/1/012046.
[9] West, R. (2010). Reclaimed asphalt pavement management: best practices. National Center for Asphalt Technology (NCAT), Auburn University, Auburn, United States.
[10] Gashi, A., Tafa, S., & Bajrami, R. (2022). The Impact of Macroeconomic Factors on Non-performing Loans in the Western Balkans. Emerging Science Journal, 6(5), 1032-1045. doi:10.28991/ESJ-2022-06-05-08.
[11] Bigrentz. (2022). What is Asphalt Milling and When Should You Use It?. Bigrentz, Irvine, United States. Available online: https://www.bigrentz.com/blog/asphalt-milling (accessed on April 2023).
[12] Zhang, J., Guo, C., Chen, T., Zhang, W., Yao, K., Fan, C., Liang, M., Guo, C., & Yao, Z. (2021). Evaluation on the mechanical performance of recycled asphalt mixtures incorporated with high percentage of RAP and self-developed rejuvenators. Construction and Building Materials, 269, 121337. doi:10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2020.121337.
[13] United Nations Industrial Development Organization. (2023). Recycled Pavement Materials for Sustainable Management of Local Asphalt Resources. United Nations Industrial Development Organization, Investment and Technology Promotion Office, Tokyo, Japan. Available online: http://www.unido.or.jp/en/technology_db/6313/ (accessed on April 2023).
[14] Hong, F., & Prozzi, J. A. (2017). Evaluation of recycled asphalt pavement using economic, environmental, and energy metrics based on long-term pavement performance sections. Road Materials and Pavement Design, 19(8), 1816–1831. doi:10.1080/14680629.2017.1348306.
[15] Guyer, J. P., & PE, R. (Eds.). (2018). An Introduction to Concrete Pavements. Guyer Partners, Massachusetts, United States.
[16] Hasan, U., Whyte, A., Al Jassmi, H., & Hasan, A. (2022). Lifecycle Cost Analysis of Recycled Asphalt Pavements: Determining Cost of Recycled Materials for an Urban Highway Section. CivilEng, 3(2), 316–331. doi:10.3390/civileng3020019.
[17] J Hoppe, E. J., Lane, D. S., Fitch, G. M., & Shetty, S. (2015). Feasibility of reclaimed asphalt pavement (RAP) use as road base and subbase material. Technical Report, VCTIR 15-R6, Virginia Center for Transportation Innovation and Research, Charlottesville, United States.
[18] Tran, N., West, R., Taylor, A., & Willis, R. (2017). Evaluation of moderate and high RAP mixtures at laboratory and pavement scales. International Journal of Pavement Engineering, 18(9), 851–858. doi:10.1080/10298436.2015.1066007.
[19] John T., T., & Bowden, A. (2021). Environmental Impacts of Reclaimed Asphalt Pavement (RAP). Pre-proposal to the Hinkley Center for Solid and Hazardous Waste Management. Available online: https://faculty.eng.ufl.edu/timothy-townsend/wp-content/uploads/sites/210/2021/02/Hinkley-Center-RAP-Full-Revised-Scope.pdf (accessed on April 2023).
[20] Khattak, M. J., Khattab, A., & Rizvi, H. R. (2013). Characterization of carbon nano-fiber modified hot mix asphalt mixtures. Construction and Building Materials, 40, 738-745. doi:10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2012.11.034.
[21] Ye, H. (2021). Innovative Evaluation of Recycled Asphalt Pavement (RAP) Use in Slurry Seal Applications. Master Thesis, Michigan State University, Michigan, United States.
[22] National Cooperative Highway Research Program (NCHRP). (2020). Evaluating the Effects of Recycling Agents on Asphalt Mixtures with High RAS and RAP Binder Ratios. Transportation Research Board (TRB), Washington, United States. doi:10.17226/25749.
[23] Pan, S. W., & Yifu, Z. (2021). Research and Application of Hot In-Place Recycling Technology for Asphalt Pavement. Elsevier Science, Amsterdam, Netherlands. doi:10.1016/c2019-0-03294-3.
[24] Rusbintardjo, G. (2014). Recycled: Take Advantage of Old Surface Pavement Recycled Material for Base Layer in New Pavement. Lambert Academic Publishing, Saarbrücken, Germany.
[25] Xiao, F., Yao, S., Wang, J., Li, X., & Amirkhanian, S. (2018). A literature review on cold recycling technology of asphalt pavement. Construction and Building Materials, 180, 579-604. doi:10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2018.06.006.
[26] Oeser, M., Wistuba, M., Liu, P., & Wang. (2023). Temperature Reduction Technologies Meet Asphalt Pavement: Green and Sustainability. MDPI Books, Basel, Switzerland. doi:10.3390/books978-3-0365-6519-4.
[27] Richard Willis, J. & Howard, I. L. (2020). Asphalt Recycling. TR NEWS, Mississippi State, United States.
[28] Harvey, J., Al-Qadi, I. L., Ozer, H., & Flintsch, G. (2020). Pavement, Roadway, and Bridge Life Cycle Assessment 2020. CRC Press, London, United Kingdom. doi:10.1201/9781003092278.
[29] Willis, J. R., & Marasteanu, M. (2013). Improved Mix Design, Evaluation, and Materials Management Practices for Hot Mix Asphalt with High Reclaimed Asphalt Pavement Content. National Cooperative Highway Research Program (NCHRP), Transportation Research Board (TRB), Washington, United States. doi:10.17226/22554.
[30] Xiao, Y., Erkens, S., Li, M., Ma, T., & Liu, X. (2020). Sustainable designed pavement materials. Materials, 13(7), 1575. doi:10.3390/ma13071575.
[31] Nguyen, N. L., & Le Vu, P. (2022). Eco-friendly Super Sulphated Cement Concrete Using Vietnam Phosphogypsum and Sodium Carbonate Na2CO3. Civil Engineering Journal, 8(11), 2445-2460. doi:10.28991/CEJ-2022-08-11-06.
[32] De Bock, L. (2006). Recycled asphalt pavement. In Use of Recycled Materials, 45–51. doi:10.1617/2912143691.005.
[33] Filippi, A., Carsana, M., Lollini, F., & Redaelli, E. (2022). Characterization of Recycled Asphalt Pavement as Aggregate for Concrete. American Concrete Institute (ACI), Special Publication, 355, 245-262. doi:10.14359/51736031.
[34] Little, D. (n.d.). Enhancement of Asphalt Concrete Mixtures to Meet Structural Requirements through the Addition of Recycled Polyethylene. Use of Waste Materials in Hot-Mix Asphalt, 210–221, ASTM International, Pennsylvania, United States. doi:10.1520/stp19852s.
[35] Hugener, M., Partl, M. N., & Morant, M. (2014). Cold asphalt recycling with 100% reclaimed asphalt pavement and vegetable oil-based rejuvenators. Road Materials and Pavement Design, 15(2), 239–258. doi:10.1080/14680629.2013.860910.
[2] ASKdata. (2023). Kosovo Statistics Agency. Available online: https://askdata.rks-gov.net/pxweb/en/ASKdata/ASKdata__ Transport__Annual %20indicators/tr06.px/table/tableViewLayout1/ (accessed on April 2023).
[3] Jashari, V. (2011). Road infrastructure development and investment in Kosovo. Master Thesis, Rochester Institute of Technology, Rochester, United States.
[4] Ahmeti, M., & Beqaj, B. (2015). The effects of recycling asphalt use in terms of economic growth and environmental improvement in Kosovo. International Conference on Civil Engineering, Infrastructure, and Environment, 189–200. doi:10.33107/ubt-ic.2015.79.
[5] Reyes-Ortiz, O., Berardinelli, E., Alvarez, A. E., Carvajal-Muñoz, J. S., & Fuentes, L. G. (2012). Evaluation of Hot Mix Asphalt Mixtures with Replacement of Aggregates by Reclaimed Asphalt Pavement (RAP) Material. Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences, 53, 379–388. doi:10.1016/j.sbspro.2012.09.889.
[6] Hasan, A., Hasan, U., Whyte, A., & Al Jassmi, H. (2022). Lifecycle Analysis of Recycled Asphalt Pavements: Case Study Scenario Analyses of an Urban Highway Section. CivilEng, 3(2), 242–262. doi:10.3390/civileng3020015.
[7] Bennert, T., & Dongré, R. (2010). Back calculation method to determine effective asphalt binder properties of recycled asphalt pavement mixtures. Transportation Research Record, 2179(2179), 75–84. doi:10.3141/2179-09.
[8] Rathore, M., Zaumanis, M., & Haritonovs, V. (2019). Asphalt Recycling Technologies: A Review on Limitations and Benefits. IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering, 660(1), 12046. doi:10.1088/1757-899X/660/1/012046.
[9] West, R. (2010). Reclaimed asphalt pavement management: best practices. National Center for Asphalt Technology (NCAT), Auburn University, Auburn, United States.
[10] Gashi, A., Tafa, S., & Bajrami, R. (2022). The Impact of Macroeconomic Factors on Non-performing Loans in the Western Balkans. Emerging Science Journal, 6(5), 1032-1045. doi:10.28991/ESJ-2022-06-05-08.
[11] Bigrentz. (2022). What is Asphalt Milling and When Should You Use It?. Bigrentz, Irvine, United States. Available online: https://www.bigrentz.com/blog/asphalt-milling (accessed on April 2023).
[12] Zhang, J., Guo, C., Chen, T., Zhang, W., Yao, K., Fan, C., Liang, M., Guo, C., & Yao, Z. (2021). Evaluation on the mechanical performance of recycled asphalt mixtures incorporated with high percentage of RAP and self-developed rejuvenators. Construction and Building Materials, 269, 121337. doi:10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2020.121337.
[13] United Nations Industrial Development Organization. (2023). Recycled Pavement Materials for Sustainable Management of Local Asphalt Resources. United Nations Industrial Development Organization, Investment and Technology Promotion Office, Tokyo, Japan. Available online: http://www.unido.or.jp/en/technology_db/6313/ (accessed on April 2023).
[14] Hong, F., & Prozzi, J. A. (2017). Evaluation of recycled asphalt pavement using economic, environmental, and energy metrics based on long-term pavement performance sections. Road Materials and Pavement Design, 19(8), 1816–1831. doi:10.1080/14680629.2017.1348306.
[15] Guyer, J. P., & PE, R. (Eds.). (2018). An Introduction to Concrete Pavements. Guyer Partners, Massachusetts, United States.
[16] Hasan, U., Whyte, A., Al Jassmi, H., & Hasan, A. (2022). Lifecycle Cost Analysis of Recycled Asphalt Pavements: Determining Cost of Recycled Materials for an Urban Highway Section. CivilEng, 3(2), 316–331. doi:10.3390/civileng3020019.
[17] J Hoppe, E. J., Lane, D. S., Fitch, G. M., & Shetty, S. (2015). Feasibility of reclaimed asphalt pavement (RAP) use as road base and subbase material. Technical Report, VCTIR 15-R6, Virginia Center for Transportation Innovation and Research, Charlottesville, United States.
[18] Tran, N., West, R., Taylor, A., & Willis, R. (2017). Evaluation of moderate and high RAP mixtures at laboratory and pavement scales. International Journal of Pavement Engineering, 18(9), 851–858. doi:10.1080/10298436.2015.1066007.
[19] John T., T., & Bowden, A. (2021). Environmental Impacts of Reclaimed Asphalt Pavement (RAP). Pre-proposal to the Hinkley Center for Solid and Hazardous Waste Management. Available online: https://faculty.eng.ufl.edu/timothy-townsend/wp-content/uploads/sites/210/2021/02/Hinkley-Center-RAP-Full-Revised-Scope.pdf (accessed on April 2023).
[20] Khattak, M. J., Khattab, A., & Rizvi, H. R. (2013). Characterization of carbon nano-fiber modified hot mix asphalt mixtures. Construction and Building Materials, 40, 738-745. doi:10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2012.11.034.
[21] Ye, H. (2021). Innovative Evaluation of Recycled Asphalt Pavement (RAP) Use in Slurry Seal Applications. Master Thesis, Michigan State University, Michigan, United States.
[22] National Cooperative Highway Research Program (NCHRP). (2020). Evaluating the Effects of Recycling Agents on Asphalt Mixtures with High RAS and RAP Binder Ratios. Transportation Research Board (TRB), Washington, United States. doi:10.17226/25749.
[23] Pan, S. W., & Yifu, Z. (2021). Research and Application of Hot In-Place Recycling Technology for Asphalt Pavement. Elsevier Science, Amsterdam, Netherlands. doi:10.1016/c2019-0-03294-3.
[24] Rusbintardjo, G. (2014). Recycled: Take Advantage of Old Surface Pavement Recycled Material for Base Layer in New Pavement. Lambert Academic Publishing, Saarbrücken, Germany.
[25] Xiao, F., Yao, S., Wang, J., Li, X., & Amirkhanian, S. (2018). A literature review on cold recycling technology of asphalt pavement. Construction and Building Materials, 180, 579-604. doi:10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2018.06.006.
[26] Oeser, M., Wistuba, M., Liu, P., & Wang. (2023). Temperature Reduction Technologies Meet Asphalt Pavement: Green and Sustainability. MDPI Books, Basel, Switzerland. doi:10.3390/books978-3-0365-6519-4.
[27] Richard Willis, J. & Howard, I. L. (2020). Asphalt Recycling. TR NEWS, Mississippi State, United States.
[28] Harvey, J., Al-Qadi, I. L., Ozer, H., & Flintsch, G. (2020). Pavement, Roadway, and Bridge Life Cycle Assessment 2020. CRC Press, London, United Kingdom. doi:10.1201/9781003092278.
[29] Willis, J. R., & Marasteanu, M. (2013). Improved Mix Design, Evaluation, and Materials Management Practices for Hot Mix Asphalt with High Reclaimed Asphalt Pavement Content. National Cooperative Highway Research Program (NCHRP), Transportation Research Board (TRB), Washington, United States. doi:10.17226/22554.
[30] Xiao, Y., Erkens, S., Li, M., Ma, T., & Liu, X. (2020). Sustainable designed pavement materials. Materials, 13(7), 1575. doi:10.3390/ma13071575.
[31] Nguyen, N. L., & Le Vu, P. (2022). Eco-friendly Super Sulphated Cement Concrete Using Vietnam Phosphogypsum and Sodium Carbonate Na2CO3. Civil Engineering Journal, 8(11), 2445-2460. doi:10.28991/CEJ-2022-08-11-06.
[32] De Bock, L. (2006). Recycled asphalt pavement. In Use of Recycled Materials, 45–51. doi:10.1617/2912143691.005.
[33] Filippi, A., Carsana, M., Lollini, F., & Redaelli, E. (2022). Characterization of Recycled Asphalt Pavement as Aggregate for Concrete. American Concrete Institute (ACI), Special Publication, 355, 245-262. doi:10.14359/51736031.
[34] Little, D. (n.d.). Enhancement of Asphalt Concrete Mixtures to Meet Structural Requirements through the Addition of Recycled Polyethylene. Use of Waste Materials in Hot-Mix Asphalt, 210–221, ASTM International, Pennsylvania, United States. doi:10.1520/stp19852s.
[35] Hugener, M., Partl, M. N., & Morant, M. (2014). Cold asphalt recycling with 100% reclaimed asphalt pavement and vegetable oil-based rejuvenators. Road Materials and Pavement Design, 15(2), 239–258. doi:10.1080/14680629.2013.860910.
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