Measurement Model for Determining the Disparity Factors of Intercity Railway Transportation

Kestsirin Theerathitichaipa; Panuwat Wisutwattanasak; Chinnakrit Banyong; Manlika Seefong; Sajjakaj Jomnonkwao; Thanapong Champahom; Vatanavongs Ratanavaraha; Rattanaporn Kasemsri

doi:10.28991/CEJ-2024-010-03-01

Authors

Kestsirin Theerathitichaipa School of Transportation Engineering, Institute of Engineering, Suranaree University of Technology, Nakhon Ratchasima 30000,, Thailand
Panuwat Wisutwattanasak Institute of Research and Development, Suranaree University of Technology, Nakhon Ratchasima 30000,, Thailand
Chinnakrit Banyong School of Industrial and Logistics Management Engineering, Institute of Engineering, Suranaree University of Technology, Nakhon Ratchasima 30000,, Thailand
Manlika Seefong School of Transportation Engineering, Institute of Engineering, Suranaree University of Technology, Nakhon Ratchasima 30000,, Thailand
Sajjakaj Jomnonkwao School of Transportation Engineering, Institute of Engineering, Suranaree University of Technology, Nakhon Ratchasima 30000,, Thailand
Thanapong Champahom Department of Management, Faculty of Business Administration, Rajamangala University of Technology Isan, Nakhon Ratchasima 30000,, Thailand
Vatanavongs Ratanavaraha School of Transportation Engineering, Institute of Engineering, Suranaree University of Technology, Nakhon Ratchasima 30000,, Thailand
Rattanaporn Kasemsri
kasemsri@sut.ac.th
School of Civil Engineering, Institute of Engineering, Suranaree University of Technology, Nakhon Ratchasima 30000,, Thailand

Vol. 10 No. 3 (2024): March

Research Articles

Downloads

PDF

Abstract
How to Cite
Metrics
References
License

Countries that are still developing experience significant disparities in access to railway services, as these nations also grapple with societal inequality issues that remain unaddressed. In developed countries, railway transportation systems serve as the primary mode of transportation for both passengers and goods. However, in recent years, studies on disparities in developed countries have increased, while literature concerning developing countries remains scarce. Therefore, this study takes place in Thailand, a developing country facing significant population disparities. The objective is to examine factors contributing to these disparities in access to railway transportation systems across cities, using Exploratory Factor Analysis (EFA) and Confirmatory Factor Analysis (CFA) to identify user disparities. The sample group comprises 1,252 randomly selected railway users from various regions in Thailand, obtained through Stratified Random Sampling. The results reveal seven dimensions of disparities: cultural, spatial, societal, political, knowledge-based, economic, and environmental. The CFA results also highlight cultural disparities as a significant factor in explaining access disparities among railway users. These findings can inform relevant organizations, aiding them in better understanding the actual needs of railway users and aligning railway development plans accordingly. Ultimately, this contributes to policy development aimed at reducing access disparities and fostering a more equitable society.

Doi: 10.28991/CEJ-2024-010-03-01

Full Text: PDF

Theerathitichaipa, K., Wisutwattanasak, P., Banyong, C., Seefong, M., Jomnonkwao, S., Champahom, T., … Kasemsri, R. (2024). Measurement Model for Determining the Disparity Factors of Intercity Railway Transportation. Civil Engineering Journal, 10(3), 668–688. https://doi.org/10.28991/CEJ-2024-010-03-01

Download Citation

[1] Lee, W. H., Yen, L. H., & Chou, C. M. (2016). A delay root cause discovery and timetable adjustment model for enhancing the punctuality of railway services. Transportation Research Part C: Emerging Technologies, 73, 49–64. doi:10.1016/j.trc.2016.10.009.
[2] Buehler, R., & Pucher, J. (2011). Sustainable transport in Freiburg: Lessons from Germany's environmental capital. International Journal of Sustainable Transportation, 5(1), 43–70. doi:10.1080/15568311003650531.
[3] Chen, F., Shen, X., Wang, Z., & Yang, Y. (2017). An evaluation of the low-carbon effects of urban rail based on mode shifts. Sustainability (Switzerland), 9(3), 401. doi:10.3390/su9030401.
[4] Pagliara, F., Hayashi, Y., & Ram, K. S. (2022). High-Speed Rail, Equity and Inclusion. Sustainability (Switzerland), 14(11), 6710. doi:10.3390/su14116710.
[5] Dong, H., Ma, L., & Broach, J. (2016). Promoting sustainable travel modes for commute tours: A comparison of the effects of home and work locations and employer-provided incentives. International Journal of Sustainable Transportation, 10(6), 485–494. doi:10.1080/15568318.2014.1002027.
[6] Tang, S., & Lo, H. K. (2008). The impact of public transport policy on the viability and sustainability of mass railway transit - The Hong Kong experience. Transportation Research Part A: Policy and Practice, 42(4), 563–576. doi:10.1016/j.tra.2008.01.022.
[7] Credit Suisse. (2018). Global Wealth Report. Credit Suisse, Zürich, Switzerland. Available online: https://www.credit-suisse.com/media/assets/corporate/docs/about-us/research/publications/global-wealth-report-2018-en.pdf (accessed on February 2024).
[8] Thailand Trains (2023). State railway of Thailand. Railway Routes. Available online: https://www.thailandtrains.com/thailand-train-map/ (accessed on September 2023).
[9] HASC. (2023). Department of Environmental Quality Promotion. Summary of districts, sub-districts, villages of Thailand. Available online: http://www.statoids.com/yth.html (accessed on September 2023).
[10] Data Innovation and Governance Institute (2022). Open Thailand Railway Station Map User Statistics. Available online: https://data.go.th/blog/train-station (accessed on September 2023). (In Thai).
[11] Wang, L., Liu, Y., Mao, L., & Sun, C. (2018). Potential impacts of China 2030 high-speed rail network on ground transportation accessibility. Sustainability (Switzerland), 10(4), 1270. doi:10.3390/su10041270.
[12] Champahom, T., Chanpariyavatevong, K., Jomnonkwao, S., Boonyoo, T., & Ratanavaraha, V. (2022). Understanding Users' Perceived Service Quality of Railway Station: a Case Study of Nakhon Ratchasima. Suranaree Journal of Science and Technology, 29(5), 1.
[13] Jomnonkwao, S., Champahom, T., & Ratanavaraha, V. (2020). Methodologies for determining the service quality of the intercity rail service based on users' perceptions and expectations in Thailand. Sustainability (Switzerland), 12(10), 4259. doi:10.3390/su12104259.
[14] Kushwah, P. K. S., Rawat, V., Singh, A., Raje, S., Shrivastava, B., Sharma, S. K., & Shiva, A. (2018). Relationship Between Service Quality, Customer Satisfaction and Customer Perceived Value: Indian Railway Industry, 76-86.
[15] Soltanpour, A., Mesbah, M., & Habibian, M. (2020). Customer satisfaction in urban rail: a study on transferability of structural equation models. Public Transport, 12(1), 123–146. doi:10.1007/s12469-019-00223-y.
[16] Tantipanichkul, T., Boonchom, W., Suphan, K., Chiengkul, W., & Phuangpornpitak, W. (2022). Creative Tourist Satisfaction Model in Creative Community-Based Tourist Attraction along Nong Khai-Khon Kaen, Thailand Railway Route. Journal of Positive School Psychology, 2639-2648.
[17] Chu, F., Ye, L., & Guo, M. (2015). Research on the Evaluation Criteria of Railway Skilled Employees' Career Success in China. LISS 2014. Springer, Berlin, Germany. doi:10.1007/978-3-662-43871-8_141.
[18] Curcuruto, M., Griffin, M. A., Kandola, R., & Morgan, J. I. (2018). Multilevel safety climate in the UK rail industry: A cross validation of the Zohar and Luria MSC scale. Safety Science, 110, 183–194. doi:10.1016/j.ssci.2018.02.008.
[19] Derahim, N., Kadir, A., Isa, W. M. Z. W., Khairil, M., Mahfudz, M., Ciyo, M. B., Ali, M. N., Lampe, I., & Samad, M. A. (2021). Organizational safety climate factor model in the urban rail transport industry through cfa analysis. Sustainability (Switzerland), 13(5), 1–18. doi:10.3390/su13052939.
[20] Wisutwattanasak, P., Champahom, T., Jomnonkwao, S., Seefong, M., Theerathitichaipa, K., Kasemsri, R., & Ratanavaraha, V. (2023). Modeling Extended Service Quality for Public Transportation in the Post-Pandemic Period: Differentiating between Urban and Rural Areas: A Case Study of Intercity Railway, Thailand. Logistics, 7(4), 93. doi:10.3390/logistics7040093.
[21] Theerathitichaipa, K., Wisutwattanasak, P., Se, C., Seefong, M., Jomnonkwao, S., Champahom, T., Ratanavaraha, V., & Kasemsri, R. (2024). Assessment of Disparity in Accessing Railway Stations in Thailand: an Application Geographic Information System Network Analysis. Journal of Geovisualization and Spatial Analysis, 8(1), 6. doi:10.1007/s41651-023-00168-8.
[22] Suwanmolee, S. (2017). Inequality Pathway of Rawai Sea Gypsies in Phuket Province. Asia Social Issues, 10(1), 89-135.
[23] Nelson, T. E., & Joselus, D. (2023). Cultural attributions for racial inequality. Politics, Groups, and Identities, 11(4), 876–898. doi:10.1080/21565503.2022.2061361.
[24] Janatabadi, F., & Ermagun, A. (2023). Unraveling transit service and land use components of the socio-spatial inequality of access. Environment and Planning B: Urban Analytics and City Science. doi:10.1177/23998083231207534.
[25] Zhu, Y. (2023). Railroad investment and regional disparity: Public expenditure on transport infrastructure in France, 1837–57. Journal of Transport History, 44(1), 99–124. doi:10.1177/00225266221142004.
[26] Di Matteo, D., & Cardinale, B. (2023). Impact of high-speed rail on income inequalities in Italy. Journal of Transport Geography, 111. doi:10.1016/j.jtrangeo.2023.103652.
[27] Xu, Y., & Zhu, S. (2023). Transport Infrastructure, Intra-Regional Inequality and Urban-Rural Divide: Evidence from China's High-Speed Rail Construction. International Regional Science Review. doi:10.1177/01600176231177672.
[28] UNESCO. (2016). World Social Science Report, 2016. Challenging Inequalities: Pathways to a Just World. The United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO), Paris, France. doi:10.54678/qtok7532.
[29] Sabnis, R., Sahu, K., Thakur, D., Surana, S., Mazhar, H., & Pandey, S. (2016). Urban and rural disparity in tobacco use and knowledge about oral cancer among adolescents: An epidemiological survey on 12 and 15-year school going students. Journal of International Society of Preventive & Community Dentistry, 6(9), S226–S231. doi:10.4103/2231-0762.197200.
[30] Wang, W., Zhang, Y., Lin, B., Mei, Y., Ping, Z., & Zhang, Z. (2020). The urban-rural disparity in the status and risk factors of health literacy: A cross-sectional survey in central China. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 17(11). doi:10.3390/ijerph17113848.
[31] Cascetta, E., Cartení¬, A., Henke, I., & Pagliara, F. (2020). Economic growth, transport accessibility and regional equity impacts of high-speed railways in Italy: ten years ex post evaluation and future perspectives. Transportation Research Part A: Policy and Practice, 139, 412–428. doi:10.1016/j.tra.2020.07.008.
[32] Chakraborti, L., & Shimshack, J. P. (2022). Environmental disparities in urban Mexico: Evidence from toxic water pollution. Resource and Energy Economics, 67, 101281. doi:10.1016/j.reseneeco.2021.101281.
[33] O'Brien, D., & Oakley, K. (2015). Cultural value and inequality: A critical literature review. Arts and humanities research council. University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom.
[34] Lareau, A. (2015). Cultural Knowledge and Social Inequality. American Sociological Review, 80(1), 1–27. doi:10.1177/0003122414565814.
[35] Levinson, D. M. (2012). Accessibility impacts of high-speed rail. Journal of Transport Geography, 22, 288–291. doi:10.1016/j.jtrangeo.2012.01.029.
[36] Luo, H., & Zhao, S. (2021). Impacts of high-speed rail on the inequality of intercity accessibility: A case study of Liaoning Province, China. Journal of Transport Geography, 90. doi:10.1016/j.jtrangeo.2020.102920.
[37] Lucas, K., Martens, K., Di Ciommo, F., & Dupont-Kieffer, A. (2019). Measuring transport equity (1st Ed.). Elsevier, Amsterdam, Netherlands.
[38] Zhan, S., Wong, S. C., & Lo, S. M. (2020). Social equity-based timetabling and ticket pricing for high-speed railways. Transportation Research Part A: Policy and Practice, 137, 165–186. doi:10.1016/j.tra.2020.04.018.
[39] Rodriguez, J. M. (2018). Health disparities, politics, and the maintenance of the status quo: A new theory of inequality. Social Science & Medicine, 200, 36–43. doi:10.1016/j.socscimed.2018.01.010.
[40] Beaumont, E. (2011). Promoting Political Agency, Addressing Political Inequality: A Multilevel Model of Internal Political Efficacy. The Journal of Politics, 73(1), 216–231. doi:10.1017/s0022381610000976.
[41] Wu, N., & Zhao, S. (2015). Impact of Transportation Convenience, Housing Affordability, Location, and Schooling in Residence Choice Decisions. Journal of Urban Planning and Development, 141(4). doi:10.1061/(asce)up.1943-5444.0000258.
[42] Viswanath, K., Breen, N., Meissner, H., Moser, R. P., Hesse, B., Steele, W. R., & Rakowski, W. (2006). Cancer Knowledge and Disparities in the Information Age. Journal of Health Communication, 11(sup001), 1–17. doi:10.1080/10810730600637426.
[43] Robb, K., Wardle, J., Stubbings, S., Ramirez, A., Austoker, J., MacLeod, U., Hiom, S., & Waller, J. (2010). Ethnic disparities in knowledge of Cancer Screening Programmes in the UK. Journal of Medical Screening, 17(3), 125–131. doi:10.1258/jms.2010.009112.
[44] Knight, J., & Song, L. (1999). The Rural-Urban Divide. Oxford University Press, Oxford, United Kingdom. doi:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198293309.001.0001.
[45] Pokropek, A., Borgonovi, F., & Jakubowski, M. (2015). Socio-economic disparities in academic achievement: A comparative analysis of mechanisms and pathways. Learning and Individual Differences, 42, 10–18. doi:10.1016/j.lindif.2015.07.011.
[46] Boyce, J. K. (1994). Inequality as a cause of environmental degradation. Ecological Economics, 11(3), 169–178. doi:10.1016/0921-8009(94)90198-8.
[47] Song, M., Zhang, G., Zeng, W., Liu, J., & Fang, K. (2016). Railway transportation and environmental efficiency in China. Transportation Research Part D: Transport and Environment, 48, 488–498. doi:10.1016/j.trd.2015.07.003.
[48] Sun, X., Yan, S., Liu, T., & Wu, J. (2020). High-speed rail development and urban environmental efficiency in China: A city-level examination. Transportation Research Part D: Transport and Environment, 86. doi:10.1016/j.trd.2020.102456.
[49] Lope, D. J., & Dolgun, A. (2020). Measuring the inequality of accessible trams in Melbourne. Journal of Transport Geography, 83. doi:10.1016/j.jtrangeo.2020.102657.
[50] Sanchez, T. W. (2002). The impact of public transport on US metropolitan wage inequality. Urban Studies, 39(3), 423–436. doi:10.1080/00420980220112766.
[51] Galaskiewicz, J., Anderson, K. F., & Thompson-Dyck, K. (2021). Minority-White income inequality across metropolitan areas: The role of racial/ethnic residential segregation and transportation networks. Journal of Urban Affairs, 43(1), 16–39. doi:10.1080/07352166.2019.1660581.
[52] Clifton, K., & Lucas, K. (2004). Examining the empirical evidence of transport inequality in the US and UK. Running on Empty, 15–36, Bristol University Press, Bristol, United Kingdom. doi:10.51952/9781847426000.ch002.
[53] Zhao, P., & Li, S. (2016). Restraining transport inequality in growing cities: Can spatial planning play a role? International Journal of Sustainable Transportation, 10(10), 947–959. doi:10.1080/15568318.2016.1191693.
[54] Aasness, J., & Larsen, E. R. (2003). Distributional Effects of Environmental Taxes on Transportation. Journal of Consumer Policy, 26(3), 279–300. doi:10.1023/A:1025651404957.
[55] Kim, E., & Yi, Y. (2019). Impact analysis of high-speed rail investment on regional economic inequality: a hybrid approach using a transportation network-CGE model. Journal of Transport Economics and Policy (JTEP), 53(3), 314-333.
[56] Chang, Z., Chen, J., Li, W., & Li, X. (2019). Public transportation and the spatial inequality of urban park accessibility: New evidence from Hong Kong. Transportation Research Part D: Transport and Environment, 76, 111–122. doi:10.1016/j.trd.2019.09.012.
[57] Benoussaí¯d, T., Coll, I., Charreire, H., & Elessa Etuman, A. (2023). A socio-spatial analysis of air pollution exposure in the Greater Paris. EGU General Assembly 2023, Vienna, Austria, 24–28 Apr 2023, EGU23-15999. doi:10.5194/egusphere-egu23-15999.
[58] Liu, Z., & Zhang, Y. (2022). Comprehensive Sustainable Assessment and Prioritization of Different Railway Projects Based on a Hybrid MCDM Model. Sustainability (Switzerland), 14(19), 12065. doi:10.3390/su141912065.
[59] Wanke, P., Chen, Z., Zheng, X., & Antunes, J. (2020). Sustainability efficiency and carbon inequality of the Chinese transportation system: A Robust Bayesian Stochastic Frontier Analysis. Journal of Environmental Management, 260. doi:10.1016/j.jenvman.2020.110163.
[60] Ongolo-Zogo, V., & Epo, B. N. (2015). Sources of inequality in the cost of transport mobility in the city of Yaoundé, Cameroon. Development Southern Africa, 32(2), 229–239. doi:10.1080/0376835X.2014.984832.
[61] Allen, J., & Farber, S. (2019). Sizing up transport poverty: A national scale accounting of low-income households suffering from inaccessibility in Canada, and what to do about it. Transport Policy, 74, 214–223. doi:10.1016/j.tranpol.2018.11.018.
[62] Zhang, M., Zhao, P., & Qiao, S. (2020). Smartness-induced transport inequality: Privacy concern, lacking knowledge of smartphone use and unequal access to transport information. Transport Policy, 99, 175–185. doi:10.1016/j.tranpol.2020.08.016.
[63] Zhang, J., & Zhang, Y. (2021). The relationship between China's income inequality and transport infrastructure, economic growth, and carbon emissions. Growth and Change, 52(1), 243–264. doi:10.1111/grow.12472.
[64] Nadimi, N., Sangdeh, A. K., & Amiri, A. M. (2021). Deciding about the effective factors on improving public transit popularity among women in developing countries. Transportation Letters, 13(10), 707–715. doi:10.1080/19427867.2020.1801022.
[65] Wang, Y., Cao, M., Liu, Y., Ye, R., Gao, X., & Ma, L. (2022). Public transport equity in Shenyang: Using structural equation modelling. Research in Transportation Business & Management, 42. doi:10.1016/j.rtbm.2020.100555.
[66] Ali, L., Mi, J., Shah, M., Shah, S. J., Khan, S., Ullah, R., & Bibi, K. (2018). Local residents' attitude towards road and transport infrastructure (a case of China Pakistan economic corridor). Journal of Chinese Economic and Foreign Trade Studies, 11(1), 104–120. doi:10.1108/JCEFTS-08-2017-0024.
[67] Loa, P., Mashrur, S. M., & Nurul Habib, K. (2023). What influences the substitution of ride-sourcing for public transit and taxi services in Toronto? An exploratory structural equation model-based study. International Journal of Sustainable Transportation, 17(1), 15–28. doi:10.1080/15568318.2021.1978018.
[68] Li, Q., Guo, M., Chu, F., & Yang, S. (2022). Role of Knowledge Sharing in High Reliability Organizations: Take the Rail Transportation Industry as Example. SSRN Electronic Journal. doi:10.2139/ssrn.4186592.
[69] Sato, T., Yano, T., Morihara, T., & Masden, K. (2004). Relationships between rating scales, question stem wording, and community responses to railway noise. Journal of Sound and Vibration, 277(3), 609–616. doi:10.1016/j.jsv.2004.03.023.
[70] Zitrickí½, V., GaŠ¡parík, J., & PeÄení½, L. (2015). The methodology of rating quality standards in the regional passenger transport. Transport Problems, 10, 59–72. doi:10.21307/tp-2015-062.
[71] Cangur, S., & Ercan, I. (2015). Comparison of model fit indices used in structural equation modeling under multivariate normality. Journal of Modern Applied Statistical Methods, 14(1), 152–167. doi:10.22237/jmasm/1430453580.
[72] Stevens, J. P., & Stevens, J. P. (2001). Applied Multivariate Statistics for the Social Sciences. Psychology Press, New York, United States. doi:10.4324/9781410604491.
[73] Marsh, H. W., Muthén, B., Asparouhov, T., Lüdtke, O., Robitzsch, A., Morin, A. J. S., & Trautwein, U. (2009). Exploratory Structural Equation Modeling, Integrating CFA and EFA: Application to Students' Evaluations of University Teaching. Structural Equation Modeling: A Multidisciplinary Journal, 16(3), 439–476. doi:10.1080/10705510903008220.
[74] Wisutwattanasak, P., Jomnonkwao, S., Se, C., & Ratanavaraha, V. (2022). Influence of Psychological Perspectives and Demographics on Drivers' Valuation of Road Accidents: A Combination of Confirmatory Factor Analysis and Preference Heterogeneity Model. Behavioral Sciences, 12(9), 336. doi:10.3390/bs12090336.
[75] Chonsalasin, D., Jomnonkwao, S., & Ratanavaraha, V. (2021). Measurement model of passengers' expectations of airport service quality. International Journal of Transportation Science and Technology, 10(4), 342–352. doi:10.1016/j.ijtst.2020.11.001.
[76] Ratanavaraha, V., & Jomnonkwao, S. (2014). Model of users' expectations of drivers of sightseeing buses: Confirmatory factor analysis. Transport Policy, 36, 253–262. doi:10.1016/j.tranpol.2014.09.004.
[77] Jomnonkwao, S., & Ratanavaraha, V. (2016). Measurement modelling of the perceived service quality of a sightseeing bus service: An application of hierarchical confirmatory factor analysis. Transport Policy, 45, 240–252. doi:10.1016/j.tranpol.2015.04.001.
[78] Garson, G. D. (2012). Testing statistical assumptions. Statistical Associates Publishing, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, United States.
[79] Kline, R. B. (2023). Principles and practice of structural equation modeling. Guilford Publications, New York, United States.
[80] Nunnally, J. C., & Bernstein, I. H. (1994). Psychometric theory (3rd Ed.). McGraw-Hill, New York, United States.
[81] Tavakol, M., & Dennick, R. (2011). Making sense of Cronbach's alpha. International Journal of Medical Education, 2, 53–55. doi:10.5116/ijme.4dfb.8dfd.
[82] Fornell, C., & Larcker, D. F. (1981). Evaluating Structural Equation Models with Unobservable Variables and Measurement Error. Journal of Marketing Research, 18(1), 39. doi:10.2307/3151312.
[83] Hair, J. F. (2009). Multivariate Data Analysis. Kennesaw State University, Kennesaw, Georgia, United States.
[84] Kaiser, H. F. (1974). An Index of Factorial Simplicity. Psychometrika, 39(1), 31–36. doi:10.1007/BF02291575.
[85] Hooper, D., Coughlan, J., & Mullen, M. R. (2008). Structural equation modelling: Guidelines for determining model fit. Electronic Journal of Business Research Methods, 6(1), 53–60.
[86] Bagozzi, R. P., & Yi, Y. (1988). On the evaluation of structural equation models. Journal of the Academy of Marketing Science, 16(1), 74–94. doi:10.1007/BF02723327.
[87] Hu, L. T., & Bentler, P. M. (1999). Cutoff criteria for fit indexes in covariance structure analysis: Conventional criteria versus new alternatives. Structural Equation Modeling, 6(1), 1–55. doi:10.1080/10705519909540118.
[88] Hair Jr, J. F., Hult, G. T. M., Ringle, C. M., Sarstedt, M., Danks, N. P., Ray, S., ... & Ray, S. (2021). An introduction to structural equation modeling. Partial least squares structural equation modeling (PLS-SEM) using R: a workbook, 1-29. doi:10.1007/978-3-030-80519-7_1.
[89] Deb, S., & Ali Ahmed, M. (2018). Determining the service quality of the city bus service based on users' perceptions and expectations. Travel Behaviour and Society, 12, 1–10. doi:10.1016/j.tbs.2018.02.008.
[90] Marsh, H. W., & Hau, K. T. (1996). Assessing goodness of fit: Is parsimony always desirable? Journal of Experimental Education, 64(4), 364–390. doi:10.1080/00220973.1996.10806604.
[91] Schreiber, J. B., Stage, F. K., King, J., Nora, A., & Barlow, E. A. (2006). Reporting structural equation modeling and confirmatory factor analysis results: A review. Journal of Educational Research, 99(6), 323–338. doi:10.3200/JOER.99.6.323-338.
[92] Joseph, F., Hult, G. T. M., Ringle, C. M., & Sarstedt, M. (2022). A primer on partial least squares structural equation modeling (PLS-SEM). SAGE Publications, Thousand Oaks, United States.
[93] Cooper, M. (2008). Brazilian railway culture. Ph.D. Thesis, University of York, York, United Kingdom.
[94] íœblacker, J., & Lukas, T. (2023). Local cultures of control, order maintenance policing, and gentrification: A comparison of railway station districts in three German cities. Journal of Urban Affairs, 1–24. doi:10.1080/07352166.2023.2174870.
[95] Betancourt, J. R., Green, A. R., Carrillo, J. E., & Ananeh-Firempong, O. (2003). Defining cultural competence: A practical framework for addressing racial/ethnic disparities in health and health care. Public Health Reports, 118(4), 293–302. doi:10.1016/S0033-3549(04)50253-4.
[96] Jordan, J. (2014). Religion and inequality: The lasting impact of religious traditions and institutions on welfare state development. European Political Science Review, 8(1), 25–48. doi:10.1017/S1755773914000381.
[97] Goel, R., Oyebode, O., Foley, L., Tatah, L., Millett, C., & Woodcock, J. (2023). Gender differences in active travel in major cities across the world. Transportation, 50(2), 733–749. doi:10.1007/s11116-021-10259-4.
[98] Yoo, S., Kumagai, J., Kawasaki, K., Hong, S., Zhang, B., Shimamura, T., & Managi, S. (2023). Double-edged trains: Economic outcomes and regional disparity of high-speed railways. Transport Policy, 133, 120–133. doi:10.1016/j.tranpol.2023.01.016.
[99] Sun, D., Zhao, X., Zhang, G., & Chen, P. (2023). Impact of the introduction of high-speed rail on the income gap between urban and rural residents. PLOS ONE, 18(11), e0292105. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0292105.
[100] Jiang, M., & Kim, E. (2016). Impact of high-speed railroad on regional income inequalities in China and Korea. International Journal of Urban Sciences, 20(3), 393–406. doi:10.1080/12265934.2016.1213139.
[101] Dobruszkes, F., Chen, C. L., Moyano, A., Pagliara, F., & Endemann, P. (2022). Is high-speed rail socially exclusive? An evidence-based worldwide analysis. Travel Behaviour and Society, 26, 96–107. doi:10.1016/j.tbs.2021.09.009.
[102] Fol, S., & Gallez, C. (2014). Social inequalities in urban access: Better ways of assessing transport improvements. Urban Access for the 21st Century, 46-86, Routledge, Milton Park, United Kingdom.
[103] Liu, S., Wan, Y., & Zhang, A. (2020). Does China's high-speed rail development lead to regional disparities? A network perspective. Transportation Research Part A: Policy and Practice, 138, 299–321. doi:10.1016/j.tra.2020.06.010.
[104] Borowski, E., Soria, J., Schofer, J., & Stathopoulos, A. (2023). Does ride sourcing respond to unplanned rail disruptions? A natural experiment analysis of mobility resilience and disparity. Cities, 140, 104439. doi:10.1016/j.cities.2023.104439.
[105] Zhao, P., & Li, P. (2019). Travel satisfaction inequality and the role of the urban metro system. Transport Policy, 79, 66–81. doi:10.1016/j.tranpol.2019.04.014.
[106] Gou, Y. (2023). Enhancing Producer Service Distribution through High-Speed Railways: A Knowledge Economy Perspective. Journal of the Knowledge Economy. doi:10.1007/s13132-023-01495-3.
[107] Xu, X., & Zheng, M. (2023). High-speed rail construction and urban innovation disparity in China: the role of internet development. Economic Change and Restructuring, 56(5), 3567–3599. doi:10.1007/s10644-023-09542-4.
[108] Wellman, G. C. (2014). Transportation Apartheid: The Role of Transportation Policy in Societal Inequality. Public Works Management & Policy, 19(4), 334–339. doi:10.1177/1087724X14545808.
[109] Wu, S. S., & Chong, A. (2018). Developmental rail politics: The political economy of China's high-speed rail projects in Thailand and Indonesia. Contemporary Southeast Asia, 40(3), 503–526. doi:10.1355/cs40-3g.
[110] Peacock, C. (2019). (Not) Talking Politics: Motivations and Strategies for Avoiding the Expression of Political Opinions. Western Journal of Communication, 83(5), 581–599. doi:10.1080/10570314.2019.1597157.
[111] Liu, X., Dai, L., & Derudder, B. (2017). Spatial Inequality in the Southeast Asian Intercity Transport Network. Geographical Review, 107(2), 317–335. doi:10.1111/j.1931-0846.2016.12181.x.
[112] Banerjee, I. (2023). Production of Railways cape in urban environment: Analysing railway heritage tourism potential in Siliguri City, India. Regional Sustainability, 4(1), 1–12. doi:10.1016/j.regsus.2023.02.001.
[113] Shao, S., Liu, L., & Tian, Z. (2022). Does the environmental inequality matter? A literature review. Environmental Geochemistry and Health, 44(9), 3133–3156. doi:10.1007/s10653-021-00921-2.
[114] Clark, D. C. (2012). Revolt and revival in the valleys: the influence of religion and revivalism on the politics and labour relations of the Taff Vale Railway, south Wales, 1878-1914. Ph.D. Thesis, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom.
[115] Li, B., Qizi, Z., Shahab, Y., Wu, X., & Ntim, C. G. (2024). High-speed rail network and earnings management techniques usage trade-off: the moderating effects of governance and religion. Managerial Auditing Journal, 39(1), 26–49. doi:10.1108/MAJ-01-2023-3799.
[116] ICRC. (2023). International Committee of the Red Cross. Race, fairness and Neocolonial Legacy: Identifying Pathways to Ethical Humanitarian Action. Available online: https://blogs.icrc.org/th/2020/08/06/part-1/ (accessed on February 2024).
[117] Expressway Authority of Thailand. (2023). One Stop Service Center. Available online: https://www.thaieasypass.com/en/index (accessed on September 2023).
[118] Ieda, H., Kanayama, Y., Ota, M., Yamazaki, T., & Okamura, T. (2001). How can the quality of rail services in Tokyo be further improved? Transport Policy, 8(2), 97–106. doi:10.1016/S0967-070X(01)00002-6.
[119] UNICEF (2024). UNICEF Thailand. Social Policy. UNICEF: For Every Child, Bangkok, Thailand. Available online: https://www.unicef.org/thailand/th (accessed on February 2024). (In Thai).
[120] Miwa, N., Bhatt, A., Morikawa, S., & Kato, H. (2022). High-Speed rail and the knowledge economy: Evidence from Japan. Transportation Research Part A: Policy and Practice, 159, 398–416. doi:10.1016/j.tra.2022.01.019.
[121] United Nations Thailand. (2024). Sustainable Development Goal 10: Reduce inequality, both within and between countries. United Nations Thailand, Bangkok, Thailand. Available online: https://thailand.un.org/th/sdgs/10 (accessed on February 2024).
[122] Daddow, M., Zhang, X., Qiu, H., Zhang, Z., & Liu, Y. (2020). A mathematical model for ballast tamping decision making in railway tracks. Civil Engineering Journal (Iran), 6(10), 2045–2057. doi:10.28991/cej-2020-03091601.
[123] DRT. (2023). Department of Rail Transport. Project to study the feasibility of developing a railway network to cover and connect areas throughout the country and to support multimodal transportation seamlessly (R-Map). Available online: https://www.drt.go.th/en (accessed on September 2023).
[124] Coppola, P., & Silvestri, F. (2021). Gender inequality in safety and security perceptions in railway stations. Sustainability (Switzerland), 13(7), 4007. doi:10.3390/su13074007.
[125] Hair Jr, J. F., Anderson, R. E., Tatham, R. L., & William, C. (1995). Multivariate data analysis with readings. New Jersey: Prentice Hall, New Jersey, United States.
[126] Hair, J. F., Ringle, C. M., & Sarstedt, M. (2011). PLS-SEM: Indeed a silver bullet. Journal of Marketing Theory and Practice, 19(2), 139–152. doi:10.2753/MTP1069-6679190202.

Publication Start Year:	2015
JCR 2023 Impact Factor (IF):	4.3
JIF QUARTILE:	Q1
SJR 2023 Quartile:	Q1
Acceptance Rate:	27%
Review Speed (Average):	76 days
Issue Per Year:	12
Number of Volumes:	10
Number of Issues:	107
Number of Articles:	1552
Number of Reviewers:	3417
Number of Contributors:	3604
Contributing Countries:	86
No. of WoS Citations:	7986
WoS h-index:	34
Scopus CiteScore:	7.0
No. of Google Citations:	17324
Google h-index:	47
Google i10-index:	393
Abstract Views:	5,819,908
PDF Download:	3,790,637

Measurement Model for Determining the Disparity Factors of Intercity Railway Transportation

Authors

Downloads

Login

Publisher and Affiliated Societies

Publisher & Affiliated Societies

Indexing & Abstracting

SidebarMenu

Journal Imprint

Journal Imprint

Journal Metrics

IndexedBy

Indexed In

Follow us

Follow Us

Most Cited Articles

Heavy Metal Removal Investigation in Conventional Activated Sludge Systems

Modeling of the Solar Thermal Energy Use in Urban Areas

Adsorption Behavior of Heavy Metal Ions by Hybrid Inulin-TEOS for Water Treatment

Application of Tuned Mass Dampers for Structural Vibration Control: A State-of-the-art Review

visitors

Analytics

Information

Address

Contact Info: