Integrating Gradient Boosting and Parametric Architecture for Optimizing Energy Use Intensity in Net-Zero Energy Buildings

Maqbul Kamaruddin; Martin C. T. Manullang; Jurng-Jae Yee

doi:10.28991/CEJ-2025-011-03-06

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Maqbul Kamaruddin 1) Department of ICT Integrated Ocean Smart City Engineering, Dong-A University, Busan 49315, Korea. 2) Department of Architecture, Institut Teknologi Sumatera, South Lampung Regency 35365, Indonesia. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6106-7853
Martin C. T. Manullang 3) Department of Electronic and Computer Engineering, National Taiwan University of Science and Technology, Taipei 10607, Taiwan. 4) Department of Informatics, Institut Teknologi Sumatera, South Lampung Regency 35365, Indonesia.
Jurng-Jae Yee
jjyee@dau.ac.kr
Department of ICT Integrated Ocean Smart City Engineering, Dong-A University, Busan 49315,, Korea, Republic of

Vol. 11 No. 3 (2025): March

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Achieving net-zero energy building (NZEB) status requires accurate energy use intensity (EUI) calculations, as conventional methods often fail to capture the complexity of design and climatic conditions. In this research, a parametric energy modeling approach was used to conduct 1,350 simulations and analyze the impact of design parameters on building EUI. These simulations covered six building types”an existing building and I-, L-, T-, U-, and H-shaped buildings”across eight locations in different climate zones. A case study was conducted in Busan, Korea, where on-site measurements were obtained using portable devices to validate the simulation results. I-shaped buildings exhibited the lowest EUI, reaching 109 kWh/m²/yr at 0° and 180° orientations. The simulation results indicated that building orientations of 140°, 90°, 135°, and 270° tended to produce higher EUI values, whereas 0° and 180° showed lower EUI values of 122 and 123 kWh/m²/yr, respectively. The use of triple-pane insulated glass effectively reduced the I-shaped building's EUI to 103 kWh/m²/yr. Implementing photovoltaic (PV) systems further reduced the EUI significantly, with the I-shaped building achieving an EUI of âˆ’14 kWh/m²/yr at a 20% PV efficiency. Analysis using an extreme gradient boosting (XGBoost) model revealed that the climate zone, PV area, and type of heating, ventilation, and air-conditioning system significantly affected the EUI. This model, processed using Colab, was highly effective, with an R-squared value of 0.99, a root mean square error of 4.57, and a mean absolute error of 1.99. These findings demonstrate that the XGBoost model can effectively capture complex data patterns and can be used for high-accuracy EUI estimation.

Doi: 10.28991/CEJ-2025-011-03-06

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Kamaruddin, M., Manullang, M. C. T., & Yee, J.-J. (2025). Integrating Gradient Boosting and Parametric Architecture for Optimizing Energy Use Intensity in Net-Zero Energy Buildings. Civil Engineering Journal, 11(3), 910–931. https://doi.org/10.28991/CEJ-2025-011-03-06

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Publication Start Year:	2015
JCR 2024 Impact Factor (IF):	4.9
JIF QUARTILE:	Q1
SJR 2024 Quartile:	Q1
Acceptance Rate:	27%
Review Speed (Average):	81 days
Issue Per Year:	12
Number of Volumes:	11
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Number of Articles:	1816
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Scopus CiteScore:	6.5
No. of Google Citations:	24065
Google h-index:	56
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Abstract Views:	11,481,612
PDF Download:	5,908,793

Integrating Gradient Boosting and Parametric Architecture for Optimizing Energy Use Intensity in Net-Zero Energy Buildings

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