Life Cycle Assessment of Phosphogypsum as Filler Material for Coal Fly Ash-Based Geopolymer

Jacob Louies Rohi W. Paulo; Michelle Airah N. Pablo; Joshua P. Pocaan; Michael Angelo B. Promentilla; Arnel B. Beltran; Marish S. Madlangbayan; Botvinnik L. Palattao; Jennyvi D. Ramirez; Carlito B. Tabelin; Vannie Joy T. Resabal; Aileen H. Orbecido; John Frederick D. Tapia; Carla Mae J. Pausta

doi:10.28991/CEJ-2025-011-09-024

Authors

Jacob Louies Rohi W. Paulo Center for Engineering and Sustainable Development Research, De La Salle University, Malate, Manila 1004, Philippines https://orcid.org/0009-0005-3853-298X
Michelle Airah N. Pablo Center for Engineering and Sustainable Development Research, De La Salle University, Malate, Manila 1004, Philippines https://orcid.org/0009-0001-1402-1019
Joshua P. Pocaan 1) Center for Engineering and Sustainable Development Research, De La Salle University, Malate, Manila 1004, Philippines. 2) Department of Chemical Engineering, Gokongwei College of Engineering, De La Salle University, Malate, Manila 1004, Philippines https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9753-6076
Michael Angelo B. Promentilla 1) Center for Engineering and Sustainable Development Research, De La Salle University, Malate, Manila 1004, Philippines. 2) Department of Chemical Engineering, Gokongwei College of Engineering, De La Salle University, Malate, Manila 1004, Philippines https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9009-8552
Arnel B. Beltran 1) Center for Engineering and Sustainable Development Research, De La Salle University, Malate, Manila 1004, Philippines. 2) Department of Chemical Engineering, Gokongwei College of Engineering, De La Salle University, Malate, Manila 1004, Philippines https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2764-6226
Marish S. Madlangbayan Department of Civil Engineering, College of Engineering and Agro-Industrial Technology, University of the Philippines-Los Baños, Laguna 4031, Philippines https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3014-6583
Botvinnik L. Palattao Philippine Nuclear Research Institute, Department of Science and Technology, Quezon City 1101, Philippines https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7306-4588
Jennyvi D. Ramirez Philippine Nuclear Research Institute, Department of Science and Technology, Quezon City 1101, Philippines https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2085-7875
Carlito B. Tabelin 5) Department of Materials Resource Engineering Technology, College of Engineering, Mindanao State University–Iligan Institute of Technology, Iligan City, 9200, Philippines. 6) Resource Processing and Technology Center, RIEIT, Mindanao State University–Iligan Institute of Technology, Andres Bonifacio Avenue, Tibanga, Iligan City, 9200, Philippines https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8314-6344
Vannie Joy T. Resabal Department of Materials Resource Engineering Technology, College of Engineering, Mindanao State University–Iligan Institute of Technology, Iligan City, 9200, Philippines https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9908-9452
Aileen H. Orbecido 1) Center for Engineering and Sustainable Development Research, De La Salle University, Malate, Manila 1004, Philippines. 2) Department of Chemical Engineering, Gokongwei College of Engineering, De La Salle University, Malate, Manila 1004, Philippines https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3322-0539
John Frederick D. Tapia 1) Center for Engineering and Sustainable Development Research, De La Salle University, Malate, Manila 1004, Philippines. 2) Department of Chemical Engineering, Gokongwei College of Engineering, De La Salle University, Malate, Manila 1004, Philippines https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1597-1486
Carla Mae J. Pausta
carla.pausta@dlsu.edu.ph
1) Center for Engineering and Sustainable Development Research, De La Salle University, Malate, Manila 1004, Philippines. 2) Department of Chemical Engineering, Gokongwei College of Engineering, De La Salle University, Malate, Manila 1004, Philippines https://orcid.org/0009-0006-8177-8018

Vol. 11 No. 9 (2025): September

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The global accumulation of phosphogypsum (PG), with annual generation exceeding 175 Mt/year, presents significant environmental challenges. While studies have demonstrated PG's potential as a filler material in geopolymer composite, comprehensive environmental impact assessments of such valorization approaches remain limited. This study presents the first comparative life cycle assessment (LCA) of acid- and alkali-activated PG-CFA geopolymers in the context of sustainable industrial waste management. Geopolymer technology can eliminate the need for traditional landfilling of PG in coastal areas and, therefore, reduce their negative environmental impacts. LCA was conducted to assess the impacts of repurposing 1kg functional unit of PG as geopolymer precursors coupled with acid- and alkali-based activators compared to the current disposal practices of these solid wastes. The inventory was modeled after a phosphoric acid plant using the wet dihydrate process, a coal-fired power plant, and a laboratory-scale coal fly ash-phosphogypsum geopolymer (FAPG) synthesis upscaled for industrial application. The most number of environmental benefits was observed for acid FAPG particularly via reductions in CO₂-eq emissions by 40%, 90% in energy consumption, and 36% in mineral resource extraction. Alkali FAPG excelled in water acidification and scarcity by 60% and it could outperform acid FAPG environmentally via sensitivity analysis under a similar formulation blend. Further research can focus on optimizing FAPG formulation, finding alternatives for the acid and alkali activators, and reviewing industrial standards for widespread FAPG applications. These results imply the potential of integrating FAPG manufacturing in PG- and CFA-generating industries to emulate a circular economy.

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Publication Start Year:	2015
JCR 2024 Impact Factor (IF):	4.9
JIF QUARTILE:	Q1
SJR 2024 Quartile:	Q1
Acceptance Rate:	27%
Review Speed (Average):	81 days
Issue Per Year:	12
Number of Volumes:	11
Number of Issues:	119
Number of Articles:	1816
Number of Reviewers:	3624
Number of Contributors:	6178
Contributing Countries:	91
No. of WoS Citations:	7986
Scopus CiteScore:	6.5
No. of Google Citations:	24065
Google h-index:	56
Google i10-index:	804
Abstract Views:	11,481,612
PDF Download:	5,908,793

Life Cycle Assessment of Phosphogypsum as Filler Material for Coal Fly Ash-Based Geopolymer

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