Deformation and Resilient Behavior of Hot and Warm Mix Asphalt Concrete
Vol. 4 No. 10 (2018): October
Research Articles
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Development of hazardous gases emissions through the production and construction of Hot Mix Asphalt (HMA) have encouraged the transition to Warm Mix Asphalt (WMA) which is considered as one of the best choices of sustainable materials in asphalt pavement. The temperature reduction in the mixing, handling, and compaction of the mix gets in saving energy, cutting emissions and significant cuts in construction costs. In this investigation, two WMA mixtures have been prepared in the laboratory using medium curing cutback (MC-30) and cationic emulsion asphalt. HMA mixture was also prepared for comparison. Marshall size Specimens of (101.6 mm) in diameter and (63.5 mm) in height were constructed from these mixtures and subjected to repeated Indirect Tensile Strength test (ITS) to determine the effect of asphalt type and content on deformation and resilient behavior of asphalt mixture. Another group of cylindrical specimens of (101.6 mm) diameter and (101.6 mm) in height have been constructed from these mixtures and subjected to repeated compressive stresses test to determine the rutting resistance of asphalt mixture. Test results were analyzed and compared. It was concluded that, the permanent deformations for cutback and emulsion treated WMA was higher than that of HMA by (50 and 35) % respectively. The Resilient Modulus (Mr) at 25 â°C under repeated (ITS) for cutback and emulsion treated WMA was lower than that of HMA by (39.95 and 27.94) % respectively. On the other hand, the (Mr) for cutback and emulsion treated WMA was higher than that of HMA by (43.75 and 5.47) % respectively under repeated compression load at stress level 0.138 (MPa).
Abd Al-Mahdi, Z. N., & Sarsam, S. I. (2018). Deformation and Resilient Behavior of Hot and Warm Mix Asphalt Concrete. Civil Engineering Journal, 4(10), 2398–2410. https://doi.org/10.28991/cej-03091168
[1] Saad I. Sarsam. "Behavior of Warm Mix Asphalt Concrete under Moisture Damage.” International Journal of Engineering Papers, (3 February 2018) vol. 3 (1), PP. 21–28.
[2] Audrius Vaitkus, Donatas CÌŒygas, Alfredas LaurinavicÌŒius, Viktoras Vorobjovas and Zigmantas Perveneckas. "Influence of Warm Mix Asphalt Technology on Asphalt Physical and Mechanical Properties.” Construction and Building Materials, (Jun 2016) 112, 800-806. doi:10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2016.02.212.
[3] John D'Angelo, Eric Harm, John Bartoszek, Gaylon Baumgardner, Matthew Corrigan, Jack Cowsert, Thomas Harman, Mostafa Jamshidi, Wayne Jones and Dave Newcomb. "Warm-mix asphalt: European practice: International Technology Scanning Program.” Federal Highway Administration, Office of Policy, Office of International Programs (February 2008) (No.FHWA-PL-08-007).
[4] Robert N. Hunter, Andy Self and John Read. "The Shell Bitumen.” (6th ed.), Shell Bitumen (Jan 2015), doi:10.1680/tsbh.58378.
[5] Kent R. Hansen and Audrey Copeland. "Annual Asphalt Pavement Industry Survey on Recycled Materials and Warm-Mix Asphalt Usage.” (National Asphalt Pavement Association), (December 2013).
[6] Olof Kristjansdottir. "Warm Mix Asphalt for Cold Weather Paving.” Department of Transportation, University of Washington (2006), (No. WA-RD 650.1), USA.
[7] Randy West, Carolina Rodezno, Grant Julian and Brian Prowell. "Engineering Properties and Field Performance of Warm Mix Asphalt Technologies.” National Cooperative Highway Research Program (February 2014), Washington, DC, USA, NCHRP Final Report Project, No. NCHRP 09-47A.
[8] Mohd E. Abdullah, Mohd R. Hainin, Nur I. Md. Yusoff Kemas, Ahmad Zamhari and Norhidayah Hassan. "Laboratory Evaluation on The Characteristics and Pollutant Emissions of Nanoclay and Chemical Warm Mix Asphalt Modified Binders.", Construction and Building Materials, (June 2016), vol. 113, pp. 488-497, doi:10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2016.03.068.
[9] Carlos López, Thenoux G., Armijos V., Antonio Ramírez, Guisado F. and Moreno E., "Study of Warm Mix Asphalt With Super Stabilized Emulsion.” Revista Ingenieríade Construcción (April 2017), vol.32(1), No. 0718-5073, PP.57-64.
[10] Amar Raghavendra, Marcelo Medeiros, Marwa M. Hassan, Louay N. Mohammad and William King. "Laboratory and Construction Evaluation of Warm-Mix Asphalt.” Journal of Materials in Civil Engineering, American Society of Civil Engineers (July 2016), vol. 28(7), No. 0899-1561, doi: 10.1061/(ASCE)MT.1943-5533.0001506.
[11] Michael Esenwa, Davidson J. Keith, and Anton S. Kucharek."Evaluation of Warm Mix Asphalt Behaviour – Stability and Strength Perspective.” CTAA Annual Conference Proceedings-Canadian Technical Asphalt Association (November 2011), vol. 56, No. 0068-984X, pp. 27-40.
[12] Mohamed H. Rashwan. "Characterization of Warm Mix Asphalt (WMA) Performance in Different Asphalt Applications.” Ph. D. Thesis, Civil Engineering Department, Iowa State University (2012), doi:10.31274/etd-180810-1335.
[13] Siti N. Kamarudin, Mohd R. Hainin, Mohd K. Satar and Muhammad N. bin Mohd Warid. "Comparison of Performance between Hot and Warm Mix Asphalt as Related to Compaction Design.", Journal of Physics: Conference Series, (July 2018), doi:10.1088/1742-6596/1049/1/012036.
[14] Amjad H. Albayati. "Performance Evaluation of Plant Produced Warm Mix Asphalt.", Journal of Engineering, (May 2018), vol. 24, No. 5, pp. 145-164, doi:10.31026/j.eng.2018.05.10.
[15] Venon Jalali. "Performance of Warm Mix Asphalt Compacted at Reduced Temperature.” Ph.D. Thesis, Department of Civil Engineering, University of Nottingham (February 2016).
[16] Dallas N. Little, David H. Allen and Amit Bhasin. "Modeling and Design of Flexible Pavements and Materials.”¸ Springer (2018), doi: 10.1007/978-3-319-58443-0.
[17] Nishant Bhargava, Bhaskar P. Das and Anjan K. Siddagangaiah. "Synergistic Influence of Aging and Moisture on Performance of Warm Mix.", International Journal of Pavement Research and Technology, (June 2018) doi:10.1016/j.ijprt.2018.06.002.
[18] Peter E. Sebaaly, Elie Y. Hajj and Murugaiyah Piratheepan. "Evaluation of Selected Warm Mix Asphalt Technologies.", Road Materials and Pavement Design, (April 2015) vol. 16, pp. 475-486, doi:10.1080/14680629.2015.1030825.
[19] Nathan Bower, Haifang Wen, Shenghua Wu, Kim Willoughby, Jim Weston and Joe DeVol. "Evaluation of The Performance of Warm Mix Asphalt in Washington State.", International Journal of Pavement Engineering, (January 2016) vol. 17, No. 5, pp. 423-434, doi:10.1080/10298436.2014.993199.
[20] Sarsam, Saad Issa. "Flexural Behavior of Warm Mix Asphalt Concrete." Journal of Transport Engineering and Applications 5, no. 2 (2018): 10-20.
[21] SCRB. "General Specification for Roads and Bridges.” Section R/9, Hot-Mix Asphalt Concrete Pavement, Revised Edition. State Corporation of Roads and Bridges (2003), Ministry of Housing and Construction, Republic of Iraq.
[22] SCRB. "General Specification for Roads and Bridges.” Section R/9, Hot-Mix Asphalt Concrete Pavement, Revised Edition. State Corporation of Roads and Bridges (2003), Ministry of Housing and Construction, Republic of Iraq.
ASTM. "Road and Paving Materials Vehicle Pavement Systems.” Annual Book of ASTM Standards (2015), Vol. 04.03, American Society for Testing and Materials.
[23] Zainalabidine N. Abdul Mahdi. "Warm Mix Asphalt Concrete.” MSc Thesis, Civil Engineering department, Collage of Engineering, University of Baghdad (2018).
[24] Mohamed A. Al-Jumily. "Influence of Aging on Performance of Asphalt Paving Materials.” Ph.D. Thesis, Civil Engineering department, Collage of Engineering, University of Baghdad (2007).
[25] Ali H. Alwan. "Durability of Superpave Asphalt Concrete Pavement.” MSc. Thesis, Civil Engineering department, Collage of Engineering, University of Baghdad (October 2013).
[26] Richard D. Barksdale. "Compressive Stress Pulse Times in Flexible Pavements for Use in Dynamic Testing.” Highway Research Record, HRB (1971), vol 345, PP.32-44, NRC Washington, DC.
[27] Yang H. Huang. "Pavement Analysis and Design.” (2 ed.). Pearson Prentice Hall (2004), Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458, USA.
[28] Witczak M., "Specimen Geometry and Aggregate Size Lab Test Study.” (1999) NCHRP Project, PP.9-19.
[29] Waqar A. Gul. "Effect of Recycled Cement Concrete Content on Rutting Behaviour of Asphalt Concrete." Ph.D. Thesis, Civil Engineering Department, Middle East Technical University (July 2008), Ankara.
[30] Samer M. Al-Sadik. "Modeling the Aging Behavior of Various Local Asphalt Cement.” MSc. Thesis, Civil Engineering department, Collage of Engineering, University of Baghdad (October 2013).
[31] Hilal, "Prediction of Permanent Deformation Models For Asphalt Pavement in Hot Climate.” Ph.D. Thesis, Civil Engineering department, University of Technology (2001).
[32] Ahmed M. Mohammed. "Effect of Lime on Performance Related Properties of Asphalt Concrete Mixture.” MSc. Thesis, Civil Engineering department, Collage of Engineering, University of Baghdad (June 2013).
[33] Hanan K. Hussain. "Healing of Asphalt Concrete Mixture at Different Conditions of Loading and Moisture Exposure.” MSc Thesis, Highway and Transportation Engineering Department, College of Engineer, AL-Mustansiriayah University (October 2016).
[34] Anand Sampath. "Comprehensive Evaluation of Four Warm Asphalt Mixture Regarding Viscosity, Tensile Strength, Moisture Sensitivity, Dynamic Modulus and Flow Number.” Civil and Environmental Engineering Department in the Graduate College of The University of Iowa (May 2010).
[35] Jesse D. Doyle, John F. Rushing, Mariely Mejías-Santiago, Timothy J. McCaffrey, Lance C. Warnock and Kevin M. Taylor. "Laboratory Performance Testing of Warm-Mix Asphalt Technologies For Airfield Pavements.” Engineer Research and Development Center Vicksburg MS Geotechnical and Structures Lab (December 2013).
[36] Yassir M. Abualmaali. "Rutting Prediction of Asphalt Concrete Mixture for Hot Climate Area.” MSc Thesis, Civil Engineering department, Collage of Engineering, University of Baghdad (December 2014).
[37] Alaa H. Abed. "Required Criteria for Implementation of the Superpave System in Local Pavement Design.” Ph.D. Thesis, Civil Engineering department, Collage of Engineering, University of Baghdad (May 2010).
[38] Graham C. Hurley and Brian D. Prowell. "Evaluation of Potential Processes for Use in Warm Mix Asphalt.” Journal of the Association of Asphalt Paving Technologists (2006a), vol.(75), PP.41-90.
[39] Jun Zhang. "Effects of Warm-Mix Asphalt Additives on Asphalt Mixture Characteristics and Pavement Performance.” M.Sc. Thesis, University of Nebraska-Lincoln (December 2010), USA.
[40] Wayne Lee, Satish K. Gundapuneni and Ajay Singh. "Effects of Asphalt Binder Grade on the Performance of Rhode Island Hot-Mix Asphalt.” Rhode Island Department of Transportation, College of Engineering, University of Rhode Island (2010).
[41] Xu Shifa, Xu Liting, Jia Jonathan and Xie Yongqing. "The Application of Emulsion Warm Mix Asphalt in Long Tunnel Pavement.” Material Design, Construction, Maintenance, and Testing of Pavements (GSP 193) (August 2009), PP.37- 42, doi:10.1061/issno(352)6.
[42] Kadhum L. Al-Attaby. "Permanent Deformation Model for Asphalt Concrete Wearing Course.” MSc. Thesis, Civil Engineering department, Collage of Engineering, University of Baghdad (March 2014).
[2] Audrius Vaitkus, Donatas CÌŒygas, Alfredas LaurinavicÌŒius, Viktoras Vorobjovas and Zigmantas Perveneckas. "Influence of Warm Mix Asphalt Technology on Asphalt Physical and Mechanical Properties.” Construction and Building Materials, (Jun 2016) 112, 800-806. doi:10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2016.02.212.
[3] John D'Angelo, Eric Harm, John Bartoszek, Gaylon Baumgardner, Matthew Corrigan, Jack Cowsert, Thomas Harman, Mostafa Jamshidi, Wayne Jones and Dave Newcomb. "Warm-mix asphalt: European practice: International Technology Scanning Program.” Federal Highway Administration, Office of Policy, Office of International Programs (February 2008) (No.FHWA-PL-08-007).
[4] Robert N. Hunter, Andy Self and John Read. "The Shell Bitumen.” (6th ed.), Shell Bitumen (Jan 2015), doi:10.1680/tsbh.58378.
[5] Kent R. Hansen and Audrey Copeland. "Annual Asphalt Pavement Industry Survey on Recycled Materials and Warm-Mix Asphalt Usage.” (National Asphalt Pavement Association), (December 2013).
[6] Olof Kristjansdottir. "Warm Mix Asphalt for Cold Weather Paving.” Department of Transportation, University of Washington (2006), (No. WA-RD 650.1), USA.
[7] Randy West, Carolina Rodezno, Grant Julian and Brian Prowell. "Engineering Properties and Field Performance of Warm Mix Asphalt Technologies.” National Cooperative Highway Research Program (February 2014), Washington, DC, USA, NCHRP Final Report Project, No. NCHRP 09-47A.
[8] Mohd E. Abdullah, Mohd R. Hainin, Nur I. Md. Yusoff Kemas, Ahmad Zamhari and Norhidayah Hassan. "Laboratory Evaluation on The Characteristics and Pollutant Emissions of Nanoclay and Chemical Warm Mix Asphalt Modified Binders.", Construction and Building Materials, (June 2016), vol. 113, pp. 488-497, doi:10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2016.03.068.
[9] Carlos López, Thenoux G., Armijos V., Antonio Ramírez, Guisado F. and Moreno E., "Study of Warm Mix Asphalt With Super Stabilized Emulsion.” Revista Ingenieríade Construcción (April 2017), vol.32(1), No. 0718-5073, PP.57-64.
[10] Amar Raghavendra, Marcelo Medeiros, Marwa M. Hassan, Louay N. Mohammad and William King. "Laboratory and Construction Evaluation of Warm-Mix Asphalt.” Journal of Materials in Civil Engineering, American Society of Civil Engineers (July 2016), vol. 28(7), No. 0899-1561, doi: 10.1061/(ASCE)MT.1943-5533.0001506.
[11] Michael Esenwa, Davidson J. Keith, and Anton S. Kucharek."Evaluation of Warm Mix Asphalt Behaviour – Stability and Strength Perspective.” CTAA Annual Conference Proceedings-Canadian Technical Asphalt Association (November 2011), vol. 56, No. 0068-984X, pp. 27-40.
[12] Mohamed H. Rashwan. "Characterization of Warm Mix Asphalt (WMA) Performance in Different Asphalt Applications.” Ph. D. Thesis, Civil Engineering Department, Iowa State University (2012), doi:10.31274/etd-180810-1335.
[13] Siti N. Kamarudin, Mohd R. Hainin, Mohd K. Satar and Muhammad N. bin Mohd Warid. "Comparison of Performance between Hot and Warm Mix Asphalt as Related to Compaction Design.", Journal of Physics: Conference Series, (July 2018), doi:10.1088/1742-6596/1049/1/012036.
[14] Amjad H. Albayati. "Performance Evaluation of Plant Produced Warm Mix Asphalt.", Journal of Engineering, (May 2018), vol. 24, No. 5, pp. 145-164, doi:10.31026/j.eng.2018.05.10.
[15] Venon Jalali. "Performance of Warm Mix Asphalt Compacted at Reduced Temperature.” Ph.D. Thesis, Department of Civil Engineering, University of Nottingham (February 2016).
[16] Dallas N. Little, David H. Allen and Amit Bhasin. "Modeling and Design of Flexible Pavements and Materials.”¸ Springer (2018), doi: 10.1007/978-3-319-58443-0.
[17] Nishant Bhargava, Bhaskar P. Das and Anjan K. Siddagangaiah. "Synergistic Influence of Aging and Moisture on Performance of Warm Mix.", International Journal of Pavement Research and Technology, (June 2018) doi:10.1016/j.ijprt.2018.06.002.
[18] Peter E. Sebaaly, Elie Y. Hajj and Murugaiyah Piratheepan. "Evaluation of Selected Warm Mix Asphalt Technologies.", Road Materials and Pavement Design, (April 2015) vol. 16, pp. 475-486, doi:10.1080/14680629.2015.1030825.
[19] Nathan Bower, Haifang Wen, Shenghua Wu, Kim Willoughby, Jim Weston and Joe DeVol. "Evaluation of The Performance of Warm Mix Asphalt in Washington State.", International Journal of Pavement Engineering, (January 2016) vol. 17, No. 5, pp. 423-434, doi:10.1080/10298436.2014.993199.
[20] Sarsam, Saad Issa. "Flexural Behavior of Warm Mix Asphalt Concrete." Journal of Transport Engineering and Applications 5, no. 2 (2018): 10-20.
[21] SCRB. "General Specification for Roads and Bridges.” Section R/9, Hot-Mix Asphalt Concrete Pavement, Revised Edition. State Corporation of Roads and Bridges (2003), Ministry of Housing and Construction, Republic of Iraq.
[22] SCRB. "General Specification for Roads and Bridges.” Section R/9, Hot-Mix Asphalt Concrete Pavement, Revised Edition. State Corporation of Roads and Bridges (2003), Ministry of Housing and Construction, Republic of Iraq.
ASTM. "Road and Paving Materials Vehicle Pavement Systems.” Annual Book of ASTM Standards (2015), Vol. 04.03, American Society for Testing and Materials.
[23] Zainalabidine N. Abdul Mahdi. "Warm Mix Asphalt Concrete.” MSc Thesis, Civil Engineering department, Collage of Engineering, University of Baghdad (2018).
[24] Mohamed A. Al-Jumily. "Influence of Aging on Performance of Asphalt Paving Materials.” Ph.D. Thesis, Civil Engineering department, Collage of Engineering, University of Baghdad (2007).
[25] Ali H. Alwan. "Durability of Superpave Asphalt Concrete Pavement.” MSc. Thesis, Civil Engineering department, Collage of Engineering, University of Baghdad (October 2013).
[26] Richard D. Barksdale. "Compressive Stress Pulse Times in Flexible Pavements for Use in Dynamic Testing.” Highway Research Record, HRB (1971), vol 345, PP.32-44, NRC Washington, DC.
[27] Yang H. Huang. "Pavement Analysis and Design.” (2 ed.). Pearson Prentice Hall (2004), Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458, USA.
[28] Witczak M., "Specimen Geometry and Aggregate Size Lab Test Study.” (1999) NCHRP Project, PP.9-19.
[29] Waqar A. Gul. "Effect of Recycled Cement Concrete Content on Rutting Behaviour of Asphalt Concrete." Ph.D. Thesis, Civil Engineering Department, Middle East Technical University (July 2008), Ankara.
[30] Samer M. Al-Sadik. "Modeling the Aging Behavior of Various Local Asphalt Cement.” MSc. Thesis, Civil Engineering department, Collage of Engineering, University of Baghdad (October 2013).
[31] Hilal, "Prediction of Permanent Deformation Models For Asphalt Pavement in Hot Climate.” Ph.D. Thesis, Civil Engineering department, University of Technology (2001).
[32] Ahmed M. Mohammed. "Effect of Lime on Performance Related Properties of Asphalt Concrete Mixture.” MSc. Thesis, Civil Engineering department, Collage of Engineering, University of Baghdad (June 2013).
[33] Hanan K. Hussain. "Healing of Asphalt Concrete Mixture at Different Conditions of Loading and Moisture Exposure.” MSc Thesis, Highway and Transportation Engineering Department, College of Engineer, AL-Mustansiriayah University (October 2016).
[34] Anand Sampath. "Comprehensive Evaluation of Four Warm Asphalt Mixture Regarding Viscosity, Tensile Strength, Moisture Sensitivity, Dynamic Modulus and Flow Number.” Civil and Environmental Engineering Department in the Graduate College of The University of Iowa (May 2010).
[35] Jesse D. Doyle, John F. Rushing, Mariely Mejías-Santiago, Timothy J. McCaffrey, Lance C. Warnock and Kevin M. Taylor. "Laboratory Performance Testing of Warm-Mix Asphalt Technologies For Airfield Pavements.” Engineer Research and Development Center Vicksburg MS Geotechnical and Structures Lab (December 2013).
[36] Yassir M. Abualmaali. "Rutting Prediction of Asphalt Concrete Mixture for Hot Climate Area.” MSc Thesis, Civil Engineering department, Collage of Engineering, University of Baghdad (December 2014).
[37] Alaa H. Abed. "Required Criteria for Implementation of the Superpave System in Local Pavement Design.” Ph.D. Thesis, Civil Engineering department, Collage of Engineering, University of Baghdad (May 2010).
[38] Graham C. Hurley and Brian D. Prowell. "Evaluation of Potential Processes for Use in Warm Mix Asphalt.” Journal of the Association of Asphalt Paving Technologists (2006a), vol.(75), PP.41-90.
[39] Jun Zhang. "Effects of Warm-Mix Asphalt Additives on Asphalt Mixture Characteristics and Pavement Performance.” M.Sc. Thesis, University of Nebraska-Lincoln (December 2010), USA.
[40] Wayne Lee, Satish K. Gundapuneni and Ajay Singh. "Effects of Asphalt Binder Grade on the Performance of Rhode Island Hot-Mix Asphalt.” Rhode Island Department of Transportation, College of Engineering, University of Rhode Island (2010).
[41] Xu Shifa, Xu Liting, Jia Jonathan and Xie Yongqing. "The Application of Emulsion Warm Mix Asphalt in Long Tunnel Pavement.” Material Design, Construction, Maintenance, and Testing of Pavements (GSP 193) (August 2009), PP.37- 42, doi:10.1061/issno(352)6.
[42] Kadhum L. Al-Attaby. "Permanent Deformation Model for Asphalt Concrete Wearing Course.” MSc. Thesis, Civil Engineering department, Collage of Engineering, University of Baghdad (March 2014).
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