Green and Sustainable Concrete – The Potential Utilization of Rice Husk Ash and Egg Shells
Vol. 5 No. 1 (2019): January
Research Articles
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Concrete which is widely used material in the construction industry, has a carbon footprint. Approximately 10% of global Carbon Dioxide (CO2) gas is emitted during the production of cement which is vital ingredient of concrete. The increase in production of cement affects global warming and climate change. Therefore, many have attempts have been made to develop green and sustainable concrete by utilizing different waste materials. With the utilization of waste materials as cement replacement, the CO2 gas emissions can be reduced as well as resolve the environmental issues that the inhabitants face during the disposal of such waste materials. This paper reviews the potential and innovative utilization of Rice Husk Ash (RHA) and Eggshells as partial cement replacement to develop green concrete. RHA which is rich in silica and eggshells contain identical amount of calcium oxide as cement, when finely grinded and used together as partial cement replacement, can trigger a pozzolanic reaction, in which silica reacts with calcium oxide resulting in the formation of calcium silicates which are responsible for achieving higher strengths.
[1] Jhatial, A. A., Sohu, S., Bhatti, N. K., Lakhiar M. T. and Oad, R. "Effect of steel fibres on the compressive and flexural strength of concrete.” International Journal of Advanced and Applied Sciences, vol. 5, issue 10, (2018): 16 – 21. doi:10.21833/ijaas.2018.10.003.
[2] Suhendro, B. "Toward green concrete for better sustainable environment.” Procedia Engineering. 95, (2014): 305–320. doi:10.1016/j.proeng.2014.12.190.
[3] Baikerikar, A. "A Review on Green Concrete.” Journal of Emerging Technologies Innovative Research, vol. 1, issue 6, (2014):472-474.
[4] Obla, K. H. "What is Green Concrete?” The Indian Concrete Journal, (2009): 26 – 28.
[5] Jhatial, A. A., Inn, G. W., Mohamad, N., Alengaram, U. J., Mo, K. H. and Abdullah, R. "Influence of polypropylene fibres on the tensile strength and thermal properties of various densities of foamed concrete.” IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering, vol. 271, no. 1, (2017): 1 – 7. doi: 10.1088/1757-899X/271/1/012058.
[6] Dembovska, L., Bajarea, D., Pundieneb, I. and Vitolaa, L. "Effect of Pozzolanic Additives on the Strength Development of High Performance Concrete.” Procedia Engineering, vol. 172, (2017): 202 – 210. doi:10.1016/j.proeng.2017.02.050.
[7] Martinez-Ramirez, S., Blanco-Varela, M. T., Erena, I. and Gener, M. "Pozzolanic reactivity of zeolitic rocks from different Cuban deposits: characterisation of reaction products.” Applied Clay Science, vol. 32, (2006): 40 – 52. doi:10.1016/j.clay.2005.12.001.
[8] Martens, G., Snellings, R., van Balen, K., Bicer-Simsir, B., Verlooy, P. and Elsen, J. "Pozzolanic reactions of common natural zeolites with lime and parameters affecting their reactivity.” Cement and Concrete Research, vol. 39, (2009): 233 – 240. doi:10.1016/j.cemconres.2008.11.008.
[9] Toropovs, N., Bajare, D., Sahmenko, G., Krage, L. and Korjakins, A. "The formation of microstructure in high strength concrete containing micro and nanosilica. Key Engineering Materials, vol. 604, (2014): 83 – 86. doi:10.4028/www.scientific.net/KEM.604.83.
[10] Popovic, S. "Strength and Related Properties of Concrete: A Quantitative Approach” John Wiley and Sons, Inc, New York (1998).
[11] Muthayya, S., Sugimoto, J. D., Montgomery, S. and Maberly, G. F. "An overview of global rice production, supply, trade, and consumption.” Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 1324, (2014): 7-144, doi: 10.1111/nyas.12540.
[12] Krishna, N. K., Sandeep, S., Mini, K. M. "Study on concrete with partial replacement of cement by rice husk ash.” IOP Conf. Series: Materials Science and Engineering, 149 (2016): 1 – 11. doi:10.1088/1757-899X/149/1/012109.
[13] Chen, H., T. Siebenmorgen & K. Griffin. "Quality characteristics of long-grain rice milled in two commercial systems.” Cereal Chemistry Journal, vol. 75, issue 4, (1998): 560–565. doi:10.1094/cchem.1998.75.4.560
[14] Rambabu, P. V., Varma, V. C. and Ramarao, G. V. "Experimental Study on Rice Husk Ash for Optimum Level of Replacement of Cement in Concrete.” International Journal of Engineering Research & Technology, vol. 4, issue 10, (2015): 354 – 359. doi:10.17577/ijertv4is100395
[15] Hwang, C. L. and Chandra, S. "The Use of Rice Husk Ash in Concrete.” Waste Materials Used in Concrete Manufacturing, (1996): 184 – 234. doi:10.1016/b978-081551393-3.50007-7
[16] Bernas 2018. Rice Process. Retrieved on September 04, 2018.
[17] Nair, D. G., Fraaij, A., Klaassen, A. A. K., Kentgens, A. P. M. "A structural investigation relating to the pozzolanic activity of rice husk ashes.” Cement and Concrete Research, vol. 38, issue 6, (2008): 861 – 869. doi:10.1016/j.cemconres.2007.10.004
[18] Swaminathen, A. N. and Ravi, S. B. "Use of rice husk ash and metakaolin as Pozzolans for concrete: a review.” International Journal of Applied Engineering Research, vol. 11, issue 1, (2016): 656 – 664.
[19] Rego, J. H. S., Nepomuceno, A. A., Figueiredo, E. P., Hasparyk, N. P. and Borges, L. D. "Effect of particle size of residual rice-husk ash in consumption of Ca(OH)2” ASCE Journal of Materials in Civil Engineering, vol. 27, issue 6, (2015): 1 – 8. doi:10.1061/(asce)mt.1943-5533.0001136.
[20] Mahmud, H. B., Bahri, S., Yee, Y. W. and Yeap, Y. Y. "Effect of rice husk ash on the strength and durability of high strength performance concrete.” World Acad. Sci. Eng. Technol., vol. 10, issue 3, (2016): 375 – 380.
[21] Hadipramana, J., Samad, A. A. A., Zaidi, A. M. A., Mohammad, N. and Riza, F. V. "Effect of uncontrolled burning rice husk ash in foamed concrete.” Advanced Materials Research. 626, (2013): 769 - 775. doi: 10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.626.769.
[22] Memon, SA., Shaikh, MA., Akbar, H. "Production of low cost self-compacting concrete using rice husk ash” First International Conference on Construction in Developing Countries (ICCIDC–I), August 4, 5, 2008, Karachi, Pakistan, (2008): 260– 269.
[23] Kartini, K. "Rice Husk Ash – Pozzolanic Material for Sustainability.” International Journal of Applied Science and Technology, vol. 1, issue 6, (2011): 169 – 178.
[24] Karim, M. R., Hossain, M. M., Khan, M. N. N., Zain, M. F. M., Jamil, M. and Lai F. C. "On the Utilization of Pozzolanic Wastes as an Alternative Resource of Cement.” Materials 2014(7), (2014): 7809 – 7827. doi:10.3390/ma7127809.
[25] Gupta, N., Kumar, P., Mishra A. and Srivastava, R. P. "Characterization and Application of Rice Husk Ash as Pozzolanic Material in Concrete.” IOSR Journal of Mechanical and Civil Engineering, vol. 12, issue 3, (2015): 28 – 32.
[26] Asman, N. S. A., Dullah, S., Ayog, J. L., Amaludin, A., Amaludin, H., Lim, C. H. and Baharum, A. "Mechanical Properties of Concrete Using Eggshell Ash and Rice Husk Ash as Partial Replacement of Cement.” MATEC Web of Conferences 103, (2017): 1 – 6. doi:10.1051/matecconf/201710301002.
[27] Tangchirapat, W., Tangpagasit, J., Waew-kum, S. and Jaturapitakkul, C. "A new pozzolanic material from palm oil fuel ash.” KMUTT Research and Development Journal 26, (2013): 459 – 473.
[28] Chao-Lung, H., Tuan, B. L., and Tsun, C. C. "Effect of rice husk ash on the strength and durability characteristics of concrete.” Construction and Building Materials. 25, (2011): 3768 – 3772. doi:10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2011.04.009.
[29] Kishore, R., Bhikshma, V. and Prakash P. J. "Study on strength characteristics of high strength Rice Husk Ash concrete.” Procedia Engineering. 14, (2011): 2666 – 2672. doi:10.1016/j.proeng.2011.07.335.
[30] Kachwala, A., Pammani, A., Raval, A. "Effect of rice husk ash as a partial replacement of ordinary Portland cement in concrete.” International Research Journal of Engineering and Technology, vol. 2, issue 5, (2015): 175 – 177.
[31] Rahim, M. A., Ibrahim, N. M., Idris, Z., Ghazaly, Z. M., Shahidan, S., Rahim, N. L., Sofri, L. A. and Isa, N. F. "Properties of Concrete with Different Percentage of the Rice Husk Ash (RHA) as Partial Cement Replacement.” Materials Science Forum, 803, (2014): 288 – 293.
[32] Obilade, I. O. "Experimental Study on Rice Husk as Fine Aggregates in Concrete.” The International Journal of Engineering and Science, vol. 3, issue 8, (2014): 09 – 14.
[33] Miranda, J. M., Anton, X., Redondo-Valbuena, C., Roca-Saavedra, P., Rodriguez J. A., Lamas, A., Franco, C. M. and Cepeda, A. "Egg and Egg-Derived Foods: Effects on Human Health and Use as Functional Foods.” Nutrients, vol. 7, issue 1, (2015): 706 – 729. doi:10.3390/nu7010706.
[34] Astro Awani 2018. Malaysians consume 1.8 million chickens daily - Ahmad Shabery Malaysians consume 1.8 million chickens daily - Ahmad Shabery. Retrieved on August 22, 2018.
[35] Gaonkar, M., Chakraborty, A. P. "Application of Eggshell as Fertilizer and Calcium Supplement Tablet.” International Journal of Innovative Research in Science, Engineering and Technology, vol. 5, issue 3, (2016): 3520 – 3525.
[36] Qureshi, A. M., Moon, A. S. and Hirapure, A. S. "Innovative use of Rice Husk Ash Fly Ash and Egg Shell Powder in Concrete.” IJSRD - International Journal for Scientific Research & Development, vol. 3, issue 01, (2015): 946 – 948.
[37] Parthasarathi, N., Prakash, M., Satyanarayanan, K. S. "Experimental Study on Partial Replacement of Cement with Egg Shell Powder and Silica Fume.” Rasayan Journal of Chemistry, vol. 10, issue 2, (2017): 442 - 449. doi:10.7324/rjc.2017.1021689.
[38] Ansari, M. M., Kumar M. D., Charles J. M. and Vani, G. "Replacement of Cement using Eggshell Powder.” SSRG International Journal of Civil Engineering, vol. 3, issue 3, (2016): 1 – 3. doi:10.14445/23488352/IJCE-V3I3P101.
[39] Khalid N. H. A., Hussin M. W., Mirza J., Ariffin N. F., Ismail M. A., Lee H.-S., Mohamed A. and Jaya R. P. "Palm oil fuel ash as potential green micro-filler in polymer concrete.” Construction and Building Materials, 102, (2016): 950 – 960. doi:10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2015.11.038.
[40] Yerramala, A. "Properties of concrete with egg shell powder as cement replacement.” The Indian Concrete Journal, (2014): 94 – 104.
[41] Jain, N., Garg, M. and Minocha, A. K. "Green Concrete from Sustainable Recycled Coarse Aggregates: Mechanical and Durability Properties.” Journal of Waste Management, (2015): 1 – 8. doi:10.1155/2015/281043.
[42] Tan, Y. Y., Doh, S. I. and Chin, S. C. "The Effect of Different Curing Methods on the Compressive Strength of Eggshell Concrete.” Indian Journal of Science and Technology, vol. 10, issue 6, (2017): 1 – 4. doi: 10.17485/ijst/2017/v10i6/111210.
[43] Karthick, J., Jeyanthi, R. and Petchiyammal, M. "Experimental Study on Usage of Egg Shell as Partial Replacement for Sand in Concrete.” International Journal of Advanced Research in Education Technology (IJARET), vol. 1, issue 1, (2014): 7 – 10.
[44] Priyanka, M., Ranjini, A. and Sarathapriya, A. "Experimental Investigation of Eggshell Powder and Rice Husk Ash as Partial Replacement of Cement.” International Journal of Advanced Research Trends in Engineering and Technology (IJARTET), vol. 4, issue 11, (2017): 58 – 62.
[45] Massazza, F. "Pozzolana and Pozzolanic Cements, Lea's Chemistry of Cement and Concrete.” Volume 4, edited by Peter Hewitt, Arnold, John Wiley and Sons Inc, New York, (2003): 471 – 635.
[46] Isaia, G. C., Gastaldini, A. L. G., Moraes, R. 2003. "Physical and pozzolanic action of mineral additions on the mechanical strength of high-performance concrete.” Cement and Concrete Composites, vol. 25, issue 1, (2003): 69 – 76. doi:10.1016/S0958-9465(01)00057-9.
[2] Suhendro, B. "Toward green concrete for better sustainable environment.” Procedia Engineering. 95, (2014): 305–320. doi:10.1016/j.proeng.2014.12.190.
[3] Baikerikar, A. "A Review on Green Concrete.” Journal of Emerging Technologies Innovative Research, vol. 1, issue 6, (2014):472-474.
[4] Obla, K. H. "What is Green Concrete?” The Indian Concrete Journal, (2009): 26 – 28.
[5] Jhatial, A. A., Inn, G. W., Mohamad, N., Alengaram, U. J., Mo, K. H. and Abdullah, R. "Influence of polypropylene fibres on the tensile strength and thermal properties of various densities of foamed concrete.” IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering, vol. 271, no. 1, (2017): 1 – 7. doi: 10.1088/1757-899X/271/1/012058.
[6] Dembovska, L., Bajarea, D., Pundieneb, I. and Vitolaa, L. "Effect of Pozzolanic Additives on the Strength Development of High Performance Concrete.” Procedia Engineering, vol. 172, (2017): 202 – 210. doi:10.1016/j.proeng.2017.02.050.
[7] Martinez-Ramirez, S., Blanco-Varela, M. T., Erena, I. and Gener, M. "Pozzolanic reactivity of zeolitic rocks from different Cuban deposits: characterisation of reaction products.” Applied Clay Science, vol. 32, (2006): 40 – 52. doi:10.1016/j.clay.2005.12.001.
[8] Martens, G., Snellings, R., van Balen, K., Bicer-Simsir, B., Verlooy, P. and Elsen, J. "Pozzolanic reactions of common natural zeolites with lime and parameters affecting their reactivity.” Cement and Concrete Research, vol. 39, (2009): 233 – 240. doi:10.1016/j.cemconres.2008.11.008.
[9] Toropovs, N., Bajare, D., Sahmenko, G., Krage, L. and Korjakins, A. "The formation of microstructure in high strength concrete containing micro and nanosilica. Key Engineering Materials, vol. 604, (2014): 83 – 86. doi:10.4028/www.scientific.net/KEM.604.83.
[10] Popovic, S. "Strength and Related Properties of Concrete: A Quantitative Approach” John Wiley and Sons, Inc, New York (1998).
[11] Muthayya, S., Sugimoto, J. D., Montgomery, S. and Maberly, G. F. "An overview of global rice production, supply, trade, and consumption.” Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 1324, (2014): 7-144, doi: 10.1111/nyas.12540.
[12] Krishna, N. K., Sandeep, S., Mini, K. M. "Study on concrete with partial replacement of cement by rice husk ash.” IOP Conf. Series: Materials Science and Engineering, 149 (2016): 1 – 11. doi:10.1088/1757-899X/149/1/012109.
[13] Chen, H., T. Siebenmorgen & K. Griffin. "Quality characteristics of long-grain rice milled in two commercial systems.” Cereal Chemistry Journal, vol. 75, issue 4, (1998): 560–565. doi:10.1094/cchem.1998.75.4.560
[14] Rambabu, P. V., Varma, V. C. and Ramarao, G. V. "Experimental Study on Rice Husk Ash for Optimum Level of Replacement of Cement in Concrete.” International Journal of Engineering Research & Technology, vol. 4, issue 10, (2015): 354 – 359. doi:10.17577/ijertv4is100395
[15] Hwang, C. L. and Chandra, S. "The Use of Rice Husk Ash in Concrete.” Waste Materials Used in Concrete Manufacturing, (1996): 184 – 234. doi:10.1016/b978-081551393-3.50007-7
[16] Bernas 2018. Rice Process. Retrieved on September 04, 2018.
[17] Nair, D. G., Fraaij, A., Klaassen, A. A. K., Kentgens, A. P. M. "A structural investigation relating to the pozzolanic activity of rice husk ashes.” Cement and Concrete Research, vol. 38, issue 6, (2008): 861 – 869. doi:10.1016/j.cemconres.2007.10.004
[18] Swaminathen, A. N. and Ravi, S. B. "Use of rice husk ash and metakaolin as Pozzolans for concrete: a review.” International Journal of Applied Engineering Research, vol. 11, issue 1, (2016): 656 – 664.
[19] Rego, J. H. S., Nepomuceno, A. A., Figueiredo, E. P., Hasparyk, N. P. and Borges, L. D. "Effect of particle size of residual rice-husk ash in consumption of Ca(OH)2” ASCE Journal of Materials in Civil Engineering, vol. 27, issue 6, (2015): 1 – 8. doi:10.1061/(asce)mt.1943-5533.0001136.
[20] Mahmud, H. B., Bahri, S., Yee, Y. W. and Yeap, Y. Y. "Effect of rice husk ash on the strength and durability of high strength performance concrete.” World Acad. Sci. Eng. Technol., vol. 10, issue 3, (2016): 375 – 380.
[21] Hadipramana, J., Samad, A. A. A., Zaidi, A. M. A., Mohammad, N. and Riza, F. V. "Effect of uncontrolled burning rice husk ash in foamed concrete.” Advanced Materials Research. 626, (2013): 769 - 775. doi: 10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.626.769.
[22] Memon, SA., Shaikh, MA., Akbar, H. "Production of low cost self-compacting concrete using rice husk ash” First International Conference on Construction in Developing Countries (ICCIDC–I), August 4, 5, 2008, Karachi, Pakistan, (2008): 260– 269.
[23] Kartini, K. "Rice Husk Ash – Pozzolanic Material for Sustainability.” International Journal of Applied Science and Technology, vol. 1, issue 6, (2011): 169 – 178.
[24] Karim, M. R., Hossain, M. M., Khan, M. N. N., Zain, M. F. M., Jamil, M. and Lai F. C. "On the Utilization of Pozzolanic Wastes as an Alternative Resource of Cement.” Materials 2014(7), (2014): 7809 – 7827. doi:10.3390/ma7127809.
[25] Gupta, N., Kumar, P., Mishra A. and Srivastava, R. P. "Characterization and Application of Rice Husk Ash as Pozzolanic Material in Concrete.” IOSR Journal of Mechanical and Civil Engineering, vol. 12, issue 3, (2015): 28 – 32.
[26] Asman, N. S. A., Dullah, S., Ayog, J. L., Amaludin, A., Amaludin, H., Lim, C. H. and Baharum, A. "Mechanical Properties of Concrete Using Eggshell Ash and Rice Husk Ash as Partial Replacement of Cement.” MATEC Web of Conferences 103, (2017): 1 – 6. doi:10.1051/matecconf/201710301002.
[27] Tangchirapat, W., Tangpagasit, J., Waew-kum, S. and Jaturapitakkul, C. "A new pozzolanic material from palm oil fuel ash.” KMUTT Research and Development Journal 26, (2013): 459 – 473.
[28] Chao-Lung, H., Tuan, B. L., and Tsun, C. C. "Effect of rice husk ash on the strength and durability characteristics of concrete.” Construction and Building Materials. 25, (2011): 3768 – 3772. doi:10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2011.04.009.
[29] Kishore, R., Bhikshma, V. and Prakash P. J. "Study on strength characteristics of high strength Rice Husk Ash concrete.” Procedia Engineering. 14, (2011): 2666 – 2672. doi:10.1016/j.proeng.2011.07.335.
[30] Kachwala, A., Pammani, A., Raval, A. "Effect of rice husk ash as a partial replacement of ordinary Portland cement in concrete.” International Research Journal of Engineering and Technology, vol. 2, issue 5, (2015): 175 – 177.
[31] Rahim, M. A., Ibrahim, N. M., Idris, Z., Ghazaly, Z. M., Shahidan, S., Rahim, N. L., Sofri, L. A. and Isa, N. F. "Properties of Concrete with Different Percentage of the Rice Husk Ash (RHA) as Partial Cement Replacement.” Materials Science Forum, 803, (2014): 288 – 293.
[32] Obilade, I. O. "Experimental Study on Rice Husk as Fine Aggregates in Concrete.” The International Journal of Engineering and Science, vol. 3, issue 8, (2014): 09 – 14.
[33] Miranda, J. M., Anton, X., Redondo-Valbuena, C., Roca-Saavedra, P., Rodriguez J. A., Lamas, A., Franco, C. M. and Cepeda, A. "Egg and Egg-Derived Foods: Effects on Human Health and Use as Functional Foods.” Nutrients, vol. 7, issue 1, (2015): 706 – 729. doi:10.3390/nu7010706.
[34] Astro Awani 2018. Malaysians consume 1.8 million chickens daily - Ahmad Shabery Malaysians consume 1.8 million chickens daily - Ahmad Shabery. Retrieved on August 22, 2018.
[35] Gaonkar, M., Chakraborty, A. P. "Application of Eggshell as Fertilizer and Calcium Supplement Tablet.” International Journal of Innovative Research in Science, Engineering and Technology, vol. 5, issue 3, (2016): 3520 – 3525.
[36] Qureshi, A. M., Moon, A. S. and Hirapure, A. S. "Innovative use of Rice Husk Ash Fly Ash and Egg Shell Powder in Concrete.” IJSRD - International Journal for Scientific Research & Development, vol. 3, issue 01, (2015): 946 – 948.
[37] Parthasarathi, N., Prakash, M., Satyanarayanan, K. S. "Experimental Study on Partial Replacement of Cement with Egg Shell Powder and Silica Fume.” Rasayan Journal of Chemistry, vol. 10, issue 2, (2017): 442 - 449. doi:10.7324/rjc.2017.1021689.
[38] Ansari, M. M., Kumar M. D., Charles J. M. and Vani, G. "Replacement of Cement using Eggshell Powder.” SSRG International Journal of Civil Engineering, vol. 3, issue 3, (2016): 1 – 3. doi:10.14445/23488352/IJCE-V3I3P101.
[39] Khalid N. H. A., Hussin M. W., Mirza J., Ariffin N. F., Ismail M. A., Lee H.-S., Mohamed A. and Jaya R. P. "Palm oil fuel ash as potential green micro-filler in polymer concrete.” Construction and Building Materials, 102, (2016): 950 – 960. doi:10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2015.11.038.
[40] Yerramala, A. "Properties of concrete with egg shell powder as cement replacement.” The Indian Concrete Journal, (2014): 94 – 104.
[41] Jain, N., Garg, M. and Minocha, A. K. "Green Concrete from Sustainable Recycled Coarse Aggregates: Mechanical and Durability Properties.” Journal of Waste Management, (2015): 1 – 8. doi:10.1155/2015/281043.
[42] Tan, Y. Y., Doh, S. I. and Chin, S. C. "The Effect of Different Curing Methods on the Compressive Strength of Eggshell Concrete.” Indian Journal of Science and Technology, vol. 10, issue 6, (2017): 1 – 4. doi: 10.17485/ijst/2017/v10i6/111210.
[43] Karthick, J., Jeyanthi, R. and Petchiyammal, M. "Experimental Study on Usage of Egg Shell as Partial Replacement for Sand in Concrete.” International Journal of Advanced Research in Education Technology (IJARET), vol. 1, issue 1, (2014): 7 – 10.
[44] Priyanka, M., Ranjini, A. and Sarathapriya, A. "Experimental Investigation of Eggshell Powder and Rice Husk Ash as Partial Replacement of Cement.” International Journal of Advanced Research Trends in Engineering and Technology (IJARTET), vol. 4, issue 11, (2017): 58 – 62.
[45] Massazza, F. "Pozzolana and Pozzolanic Cements, Lea's Chemistry of Cement and Concrete.” Volume 4, edited by Peter Hewitt, Arnold, John Wiley and Sons Inc, New York, (2003): 471 – 635.
[46] Isaia, G. C., Gastaldini, A. L. G., Moraes, R. 2003. "Physical and pozzolanic action of mineral additions on the mechanical strength of high-performance concrete.” Cement and Concrete Composites, vol. 25, issue 1, (2003): 69 – 76. doi:10.1016/S0958-9465(01)00057-9.
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