Study a Structural Behavior of Eccentrically Loaded GFRP Reinforced Columns Made of Geopolymer Concrete
Vol. 6 No. 3 (2020): March
Research Articles
Downloads
This study investigated a modern composite material, which is a short geopolymer concrete column (GPCC) reinforced by GFRP bars. The structural performances of GPCC subjected to eccentric load were studied and compared to the normal strength concrete column (NSCC) reinforced by steel bars. In this study, the primary experimental parameters were the reinforcement bars types, load eccentricity, and concrete types. Seven short columns were tested: three normal strength concrete columns reinforced by steel bars, three geopolymer concrete columns reinforced by GFRP bars and one normal strength concrete column without reinforcement. The model dimensions chosen in the present study was a square section of 130í—130 mm and a total height of 850 mm. It was shown that the steel bars contribute about 16.47% of column capacity under concentric load. Comparing with the normal strength concrete column, a geopolymer concrete column reinforced by GFRP bars showed a little increase in ultimate load (5.17%) under concentric load. Under the load eccentricity of 130 mm, a geopolymer concrete column reinforced by GFRP bars showed a significant increase in the ultimate load (69.37%). Under large eccentricity, a geopolymer concrete column reinforced by GFRP bars has an outstanding effect on the columns' ultimate load capacity. Also, the sine form can be utilized for GPCC to find the lateral deflection along with the column high at different load values up to the failure.
[1] Brown, M. C., "Corrosion Protection Service Life of Epoxy Coated Reinforcing Steel in Virginia Bridge Decks”, PhD diss., Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, (2002).
[2] Benmokrane, Brahim, Ehab El-Salakawy, Amr El-Ragaby, and Thomas Lackey. "Designing and testing of concrete bridge decks reinforced with glass FRP bars." Journal of Bridge Engineering 11, no. 2 (2006): 217-229. doi: 10.1061/(asce)1084-0702(2006)11:2(217).
[3] Rizkalla, Sami, Tarek Hassan, and Nahla Hassan. "Design Recommendations for the Use of FRP for Reinforcement and Strengthening of Concrete Structures.” Progress in Structural Engineering and Materials 5, no. 1 (January 2003): 16–28. doi:10.1002/pse.139.
[4] Juenger, Maria C.G., and Rafat Siddique. "Recent Advances in Understanding the Role of Supplementary Cementitious Materials in Concrete.” Cement and Concrete Research 78 (December 2015): 71–80. doi:10.1016/j.cemconres.2015.03.018.
[5] Mehta, Kumar P. "Reducing the environmental impact of concrete." Concrete international 23, no. 10 (2001): 61-66.
[6] Kong, Daniel L.Y., and Jay G. Sanjayan. "Effect of Elevated Temperatures on Geopolymer Paste, Mortar and Concrete.” Cement and Concrete Research 40, no. 2 (February 2010): 334–339. doi:10.1016/j.cemconres.2009.10.017.
[7] Davidovits, J., "High-alkali cements for 21st century concretes”, Concrete technology past, present and future. ACI Special Publication, SP 144. Farmington Hills, Michigan, pp 383–398, (1994).
[8] Hardjito, Djwantoro, Steenie E. Wallah, Dody MJ Sumajouw, and B. Vijaya Rangan. "On the development of fly ash-based geopolymer concrete." Materials Journal 101, no. 6 (2004): 467-472.
[9] Duxson, Peter, John L. Provis, Grant C. Lukey, and Jannie S.J. van Deventer. "The Role of Inorganic Polymer Technology in the Development of ‘green Concrete.'” Cement and Concrete Research 37, no. 12 (December 2007): 1590–1597. doi:10.1016/j.cemconres.2007.08.018.
[10] Mousavi, S. Hooman, M. R. Kavianpour, and O. Aminoroayaie Yamini. "Experimental Analysis of Breakwater Stability with Antifer Concrete Block.” Marine Georesources & Geotechnology 35, no. 3 (May 24, 2016): 426–434. doi:10.1080/1064119x.2016.1190432.
[11] Hardjito, D, S E Wallah, D M J Sumajouw, and B V Rangan. "Fly Ash-Based Geopolymer Concrete.” Australian Journal of Structural Engineering 6, no. 1 (January 2005): 77–86. doi:10.1080/13287982.2005.11464946.
[12] Rangan, B. V. "Studies on low-calcium fly ash-based geopolymer concrete." Indian Concrete Institute (2006): 9-17.
[13] Sofi, M., J.S.J. van Deventer, P.A. Mendis, and G.C. Lukey. "Engineering Properties of Inorganic Polymer Concretes (IPCs).” Cement and Concrete Research 37, no. 2 (February 2007): 251–257. doi:10.1016/j.cemconres.2006.10.008.
[14] Sarker, Prabir. "A constitutive model for fly ash-based geopolymer concrete." Archit Civil Eng Environ 1, no. 4 (2008): 113-20.
[15] Dattatreya, J. K., N. P. Rajamane, D. Sabitha, P. S. Ambily, and M. C. Nataraja. "Flexural behaviour of reinforced Geopolymer concrete beams." International journal of civil & structural engineering 2, no. 1 (2011): 138-159.
[16] Chang, E.H., "Shear and bond behaviour of reinforced fly ash-based geopolymer concrete beams”, PhD diss., Curtin University of Technology; (2009).
[17] Razaqpur, A. Ghani, and Saverio Spadea. "Shear Strength of FRP Reinforced Concrete Members with Stirrups.” Journal of Composites for Construction 19, no. 1 (February 2015): 04014025. doi:10.1061/(asce)cc.1943-5614.0000483.
[18] Oller, Eva, Antonio Marí, Jesús Miguel Bairán, and Antoni Cladera. "Shear Design of Reinforced Concrete Beams with FRP Longitudinal and Transverse Reinforcement.” Composites Part B: Engineering 74 (June 2015): 104–122. doi:10.1016/j.compositesb.2014.12.031.
[19] Shahnewaz, Md, Robert Machial, M. Shahria Alam, and Ahmad Rteil. "Optimized Shear Design Equation for Slender Concrete Beams Reinforced with FRP Bars and Stirrups Using Genetic Algorithm and Reliability Analysis.” Engineering Structures 107 (January 2016): 151–165. doi:10.1016/j.engstruct.2015.10.049.
[20] Ambily, P. S., C. K. Madheswaran, N. Lakhsmanan, J. K. Dattatreya, and S. A. Sathik. "Experimental studies on Shear behaviour of reinforced Geopolymer concrete thin webbed T-beams with and without fibres." International Journal of Civil & Structural Engineering 3, no. 1 (2012): 128-140.
[21] Pantelides, Chris P., Michael E. Gibbons, and Lawrence D. Reaveley. "Axial Load Behavior of Concrete Columns Confined with GFRP Spirals.” Journal of Composites for Construction 17, no. 3 (June 2013): 305–313. doi:10.1061/(asce)cc.1943-5614.0000357.
[22] De Luca, A., F. Matta, A. Nanni, "Behavior of Full-Scale Glass Fiber-Reinforced Polymer Reinforced Concrete Columns Under Axial Load.” ACI Structural Journal 107, no. 05 (2010). doi:10.14359/51663912.
[23] ACI (American Concrete Institute). "Guide for the design and construction of structural concrete reinforced with FRP bars." ACI 440.1 R-06 (2006).
[24] Canadian Standard Association. "CSA-S806-02, Design and Construction of Building Components with Fibre-Reinforced Polymers." Toronto, ON, Canada (2002).
[25] Deitz, D. H., I. E. Harik, and H. Gesund. "Physical properties of glass fiber reinforced polymer rebars in compression." Journal of Composites for Construction 7, no. 4 (2003): 363-366. doi:10.1061/(ASCE)1090-0268(2003)7:4(363).
[26] Fib Bulletin 40, "FRP reinforcement in RC structures”, Stuttgart: The International Federation for Structural Concrete; (2007).
[27] Alsayed, S. H., Y. A. Al-Salloum, T. H. Almusallam, and M. A. Amjad. "Concrete columns reinforced by glass fiber reinforced polymer rods." Special Publication 188 (1999): 103-112.
[28] Tobbi, H., A.S. Farghaly, B. Benmokrane, "Concrete Columns Reinforced Longitudinally and Transversally with Glass Fiber-Reinforced Polymer Bars.” ACI Structural Journal 109, no. 4 (2012). doi:10.14359/51683874.
[29] Sarker, Prabir Kumar. "Analysis of Geopolymer Concrete Columns.” Materials and Structures 42, no. 6 (August 6, 2008): 715–724. doi:10.1617/s11527-008-9415-5.
[30] Sreenath, S, S Balaji, and K Saravana Raja Mohan. "Behaviour of Axially and Eccentrically Loaded Short Columns Reinforced with GFRP Bars.” IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 80 (July 2017): 012030. doi:10.1088/1755-1315/80/1/012030.
[31] Sumajouw, D. M. J., D. Hardjito, S. E. Wallah, and B. V. Rangan. "Fly Ash-Based Geopolymer Concrete: Study of Slender Reinforced Columns.” Journal of Materials Science 42, no. 9 (December 12, 2006): 3124–3130. doi:10.1007/s10853-006-0523-8.
[32] Elchalakani, Mohamed, Ali Karrech, Minhao Dong, M.S. Mohamed Ali, and Bo Yang. "Experiments and Finite Element Analysis of GFRP Reinforced Geopolymer Concrete Rectangular Columns Subjected to Concentric and Eccentric Axial Loading.” Structures 14 (June 2018): 273–289. doi:10.1016/j.istruc.2018.04.001.
[33] Elchalakani, Mohamed, Minhao Dong, Ali Karrech, Gang Li, Mohamed Sadakkathulla Mohamed Ali, and Allan Manalo. "Behaviour and Design of Air-Cured GFRP-Reinforced Geopolymer Concrete Square Columns.” Magazine of Concrete Research 71, no. 19 (October 2019): 1006–1024. doi:10.1680/jmacr.17.00534.
[34] ACI Committee 211.1-91, "Standard Practice for Selecting Proportions for Normal Heavyweight, and Mass Concrete (ACI 211.1 - 91) Reapproved 1997, ” Manual of Concrete Practices, American Concrete Institute, pp.1-38, (1991).
[35] Liu, Huihong, Zhean Lu, and Ziqiang Peng. "Test Research on Prestressed Beam of Inorganic Polymer Concrete.” Materials and Structures 48, no. 6 (March 15, 2014): 1919–1930. doi:10.1617/s11527-014-0283-x.
[36] Duxson, P., A. Fernández-Jiménez, J. L. Provis, G. C. Lukey, A. Palomo, and J. S. J. van Deventer. "Geopolymer Technology: The Current State of the Art.” Journal of Materials Science 42, no. 9 (December 19, 2006): 2917–2933. doi:10.1007/s10853-006-0637-z.
[37] ASTM C 469-02, "Standard Test Method for Static Modulus of Elasticity and Poisson's Ratio of Concrete in Compression”, Annual Book of ASTM Standards, American Society for Testing and Materials, (2002).
[38] ASTM C 39/C 39M-05, "Standard Test Method for Compressive Strength of Cylindrical Concrete Specimens”, Annual Book of ASTM Standards, American Society for Testing and Materials, pp.1-7, (2005).
[39] ASTM 496-02, "Standard Specification for Steel Wire, Deformed, for Concrete Reinforcement”, ASTM Committee A-1 on Steel, Stainless Steel, and related Alloys, West Conshohocken, PA 19428- 2959, United States, 5 pp, (2002).
[40] ASTM D7205/D7205M-06, "Standard test method for tensile properties of fiber reinforced polymer matrix composite bars”, Conshohocken, PA: American Society for Testing and Materials; (2011).
[41] De Luca, Antonio, Fabio Matta, and Antonio Nanni. "Behavior of full-scale glass fiber-reinforced polymer reinforced concrete columns under axial load." ACI structural journal 107, no. 5 (2010): 589.
[42] Deitz, D. H., I. E. Harik, and H. Gesund. "Physical properties of glass fiber reinforced polymer rebars in compression." Journal of Composites for Construction 7, no. 4 (2003): 363-366. doi:10.1061/(ASCE)1090-0268(2003)7:4(363).
[2] Benmokrane, Brahim, Ehab El-Salakawy, Amr El-Ragaby, and Thomas Lackey. "Designing and testing of concrete bridge decks reinforced with glass FRP bars." Journal of Bridge Engineering 11, no. 2 (2006): 217-229. doi: 10.1061/(asce)1084-0702(2006)11:2(217).
[3] Rizkalla, Sami, Tarek Hassan, and Nahla Hassan. "Design Recommendations for the Use of FRP for Reinforcement and Strengthening of Concrete Structures.” Progress in Structural Engineering and Materials 5, no. 1 (January 2003): 16–28. doi:10.1002/pse.139.
[4] Juenger, Maria C.G., and Rafat Siddique. "Recent Advances in Understanding the Role of Supplementary Cementitious Materials in Concrete.” Cement and Concrete Research 78 (December 2015): 71–80. doi:10.1016/j.cemconres.2015.03.018.
[5] Mehta, Kumar P. "Reducing the environmental impact of concrete." Concrete international 23, no. 10 (2001): 61-66.
[6] Kong, Daniel L.Y., and Jay G. Sanjayan. "Effect of Elevated Temperatures on Geopolymer Paste, Mortar and Concrete.” Cement and Concrete Research 40, no. 2 (February 2010): 334–339. doi:10.1016/j.cemconres.2009.10.017.
[7] Davidovits, J., "High-alkali cements for 21st century concretes”, Concrete technology past, present and future. ACI Special Publication, SP 144. Farmington Hills, Michigan, pp 383–398, (1994).
[8] Hardjito, Djwantoro, Steenie E. Wallah, Dody MJ Sumajouw, and B. Vijaya Rangan. "On the development of fly ash-based geopolymer concrete." Materials Journal 101, no. 6 (2004): 467-472.
[9] Duxson, Peter, John L. Provis, Grant C. Lukey, and Jannie S.J. van Deventer. "The Role of Inorganic Polymer Technology in the Development of ‘green Concrete.'” Cement and Concrete Research 37, no. 12 (December 2007): 1590–1597. doi:10.1016/j.cemconres.2007.08.018.
[10] Mousavi, S. Hooman, M. R. Kavianpour, and O. Aminoroayaie Yamini. "Experimental Analysis of Breakwater Stability with Antifer Concrete Block.” Marine Georesources & Geotechnology 35, no. 3 (May 24, 2016): 426–434. doi:10.1080/1064119x.2016.1190432.
[11] Hardjito, D, S E Wallah, D M J Sumajouw, and B V Rangan. "Fly Ash-Based Geopolymer Concrete.” Australian Journal of Structural Engineering 6, no. 1 (January 2005): 77–86. doi:10.1080/13287982.2005.11464946.
[12] Rangan, B. V. "Studies on low-calcium fly ash-based geopolymer concrete." Indian Concrete Institute (2006): 9-17.
[13] Sofi, M., J.S.J. van Deventer, P.A. Mendis, and G.C. Lukey. "Engineering Properties of Inorganic Polymer Concretes (IPCs).” Cement and Concrete Research 37, no. 2 (February 2007): 251–257. doi:10.1016/j.cemconres.2006.10.008.
[14] Sarker, Prabir. "A constitutive model for fly ash-based geopolymer concrete." Archit Civil Eng Environ 1, no. 4 (2008): 113-20.
[15] Dattatreya, J. K., N. P. Rajamane, D. Sabitha, P. S. Ambily, and M. C. Nataraja. "Flexural behaviour of reinforced Geopolymer concrete beams." International journal of civil & structural engineering 2, no. 1 (2011): 138-159.
[16] Chang, E.H., "Shear and bond behaviour of reinforced fly ash-based geopolymer concrete beams”, PhD diss., Curtin University of Technology; (2009).
[17] Razaqpur, A. Ghani, and Saverio Spadea. "Shear Strength of FRP Reinforced Concrete Members with Stirrups.” Journal of Composites for Construction 19, no. 1 (February 2015): 04014025. doi:10.1061/(asce)cc.1943-5614.0000483.
[18] Oller, Eva, Antonio Marí, Jesús Miguel Bairán, and Antoni Cladera. "Shear Design of Reinforced Concrete Beams with FRP Longitudinal and Transverse Reinforcement.” Composites Part B: Engineering 74 (June 2015): 104–122. doi:10.1016/j.compositesb.2014.12.031.
[19] Shahnewaz, Md, Robert Machial, M. Shahria Alam, and Ahmad Rteil. "Optimized Shear Design Equation for Slender Concrete Beams Reinforced with FRP Bars and Stirrups Using Genetic Algorithm and Reliability Analysis.” Engineering Structures 107 (January 2016): 151–165. doi:10.1016/j.engstruct.2015.10.049.
[20] Ambily, P. S., C. K. Madheswaran, N. Lakhsmanan, J. K. Dattatreya, and S. A. Sathik. "Experimental studies on Shear behaviour of reinforced Geopolymer concrete thin webbed T-beams with and without fibres." International Journal of Civil & Structural Engineering 3, no. 1 (2012): 128-140.
[21] Pantelides, Chris P., Michael E. Gibbons, and Lawrence D. Reaveley. "Axial Load Behavior of Concrete Columns Confined with GFRP Spirals.” Journal of Composites for Construction 17, no. 3 (June 2013): 305–313. doi:10.1061/(asce)cc.1943-5614.0000357.
[22] De Luca, A., F. Matta, A. Nanni, "Behavior of Full-Scale Glass Fiber-Reinforced Polymer Reinforced Concrete Columns Under Axial Load.” ACI Structural Journal 107, no. 05 (2010). doi:10.14359/51663912.
[23] ACI (American Concrete Institute). "Guide for the design and construction of structural concrete reinforced with FRP bars." ACI 440.1 R-06 (2006).
[24] Canadian Standard Association. "CSA-S806-02, Design and Construction of Building Components with Fibre-Reinforced Polymers." Toronto, ON, Canada (2002).
[25] Deitz, D. H., I. E. Harik, and H. Gesund. "Physical properties of glass fiber reinforced polymer rebars in compression." Journal of Composites for Construction 7, no. 4 (2003): 363-366. doi:10.1061/(ASCE)1090-0268(2003)7:4(363).
[26] Fib Bulletin 40, "FRP reinforcement in RC structures”, Stuttgart: The International Federation for Structural Concrete; (2007).
[27] Alsayed, S. H., Y. A. Al-Salloum, T. H. Almusallam, and M. A. Amjad. "Concrete columns reinforced by glass fiber reinforced polymer rods." Special Publication 188 (1999): 103-112.
[28] Tobbi, H., A.S. Farghaly, B. Benmokrane, "Concrete Columns Reinforced Longitudinally and Transversally with Glass Fiber-Reinforced Polymer Bars.” ACI Structural Journal 109, no. 4 (2012). doi:10.14359/51683874.
[29] Sarker, Prabir Kumar. "Analysis of Geopolymer Concrete Columns.” Materials and Structures 42, no. 6 (August 6, 2008): 715–724. doi:10.1617/s11527-008-9415-5.
[30] Sreenath, S, S Balaji, and K Saravana Raja Mohan. "Behaviour of Axially and Eccentrically Loaded Short Columns Reinforced with GFRP Bars.” IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 80 (July 2017): 012030. doi:10.1088/1755-1315/80/1/012030.
[31] Sumajouw, D. M. J., D. Hardjito, S. E. Wallah, and B. V. Rangan. "Fly Ash-Based Geopolymer Concrete: Study of Slender Reinforced Columns.” Journal of Materials Science 42, no. 9 (December 12, 2006): 3124–3130. doi:10.1007/s10853-006-0523-8.
[32] Elchalakani, Mohamed, Ali Karrech, Minhao Dong, M.S. Mohamed Ali, and Bo Yang. "Experiments and Finite Element Analysis of GFRP Reinforced Geopolymer Concrete Rectangular Columns Subjected to Concentric and Eccentric Axial Loading.” Structures 14 (June 2018): 273–289. doi:10.1016/j.istruc.2018.04.001.
[33] Elchalakani, Mohamed, Minhao Dong, Ali Karrech, Gang Li, Mohamed Sadakkathulla Mohamed Ali, and Allan Manalo. "Behaviour and Design of Air-Cured GFRP-Reinforced Geopolymer Concrete Square Columns.” Magazine of Concrete Research 71, no. 19 (October 2019): 1006–1024. doi:10.1680/jmacr.17.00534.
[34] ACI Committee 211.1-91, "Standard Practice for Selecting Proportions for Normal Heavyweight, and Mass Concrete (ACI 211.1 - 91) Reapproved 1997, ” Manual of Concrete Practices, American Concrete Institute, pp.1-38, (1991).
[35] Liu, Huihong, Zhean Lu, and Ziqiang Peng. "Test Research on Prestressed Beam of Inorganic Polymer Concrete.” Materials and Structures 48, no. 6 (March 15, 2014): 1919–1930. doi:10.1617/s11527-014-0283-x.
[36] Duxson, P., A. Fernández-Jiménez, J. L. Provis, G. C. Lukey, A. Palomo, and J. S. J. van Deventer. "Geopolymer Technology: The Current State of the Art.” Journal of Materials Science 42, no. 9 (December 19, 2006): 2917–2933. doi:10.1007/s10853-006-0637-z.
[37] ASTM C 469-02, "Standard Test Method for Static Modulus of Elasticity and Poisson's Ratio of Concrete in Compression”, Annual Book of ASTM Standards, American Society for Testing and Materials, (2002).
[38] ASTM C 39/C 39M-05, "Standard Test Method for Compressive Strength of Cylindrical Concrete Specimens”, Annual Book of ASTM Standards, American Society for Testing and Materials, pp.1-7, (2005).
[39] ASTM 496-02, "Standard Specification for Steel Wire, Deformed, for Concrete Reinforcement”, ASTM Committee A-1 on Steel, Stainless Steel, and related Alloys, West Conshohocken, PA 19428- 2959, United States, 5 pp, (2002).
[40] ASTM D7205/D7205M-06, "Standard test method for tensile properties of fiber reinforced polymer matrix composite bars”, Conshohocken, PA: American Society for Testing and Materials; (2011).
[41] De Luca, Antonio, Fabio Matta, and Antonio Nanni. "Behavior of full-scale glass fiber-reinforced polymer reinforced concrete columns under axial load." ACI structural journal 107, no. 5 (2010): 589.
[42] Deitz, D. H., I. E. Harik, and H. Gesund. "Physical properties of glass fiber reinforced polymer rebars in compression." Journal of Composites for Construction 7, no. 4 (2003): 363-366. doi:10.1061/(ASCE)1090-0268(2003)7:4(363).
- authors retain all copyrights - authors will not be forced to sign any copyright transfer agreements
- permission of re-useThis work (including HTML and PDF Files) is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
