Assessment of Waste Generation Rate in Teaching Hospitals of Metropolitan City of Pakistan
Vol. 6 No. 9 (2020): September
Research Articles
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Hospital waste management is of vital significance owing to its contagious and hazardous nature as it can produce detrimental effects for both humans and the environment. This work aimed to examine types of waste with respect to waste generation rate in multiple teaching hospitals of metropolitan Lahore. A structured questionnaire survey, site visits, interviews and meetings were conducted in seventeen teaching hospitals. The results have shown that total hospitals average waste, infectious, non-infectious and waste generation rate in Lahore teaching hospitals were 38978 kg/day, 10789 kg/day, 28189 kg/day and 3.7 kg/bed/day, respectively. It is concluded that maximum waste generated in Mayo hospital, Jinnah hospital, Services hospital and Lahore general hospital was 16%, 12%, 12% and 10%, respectively, as per maximum patient's visits. Positive liner correlation was between number of beds (P=0.917), number of accidents and emergency patients (P=0.75), infectious waste (P=0.998) and (P=1) with total waste. A straight line of linear regression was between (0.9966) infectious waste and (0.9995) general waste with average waste. Although, waste collection practices in these teaching hospitals were observed satisfactory but required training of doctors, nurses and hospital paramedical staff regarding infectious and general waste segregation. It is suggested that hospital staff, waste management and waste collection workers and respective waste management companies should be well trained and aware regarding infectious and non-infectious waste segregation, handling and disposing off procedures.
Arub, S., Ahmad, S. R., Ashraf, S., Majid, Z., Rahat, S., & Paracha, R. I. (2020). Assessment of Waste Generation Rate in Teaching Hospitals of Metropolitan City of Pakistan. Civil Engineering Journal, 6(9), 1809–1821. https://doi.org/10.28991/cej-2020-03091584
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[34] Hossain, Md Lokman, and Md Jaseem Uddin. "Medical waste management at Upazila Level in Bangladesh." Journal of Environmental Treatment Techniques 2, no. 3 (2014): 85-94.
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[38] Yong, Zhang, Xiao Gang, Wang Guanxing, Zhou Tao, and Jiang Dawei. "Medical waste management in China: A case study of Nanjing." Waste management 29, no. 4 (2009): 1376-1382. doi:10.1016/j.wasman.2008.10.023.
[39] Verma, L. K., and J. N. Srivastava. "Dioxins and furans; and hospital waste incineration." Medical journal, Armed Forces India 56, no. 1 (2000): 53. doi:10.1016/s0377-1237(17)30093-x.
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[42] Akter, Kazi Shamima, and Shaikh Mohammad Shamim Reza. "Awareness on Medical Waste Management and Occupational Health Safety among the Employees Related to Medical Services at Upazila Level in Bangladesh." Journal of Environmental Treatment Techniques 7, no. 3 (2019): 282-288.
[2] Zafar, Rabeea, Syed Shahid Ali, Zaheer Uddin, and Maqsood A. Khan. "A Case Study of Hospital Waste Management in Balochistan and Its Impact on Health and Environment.” Research Journal of Environmental and Earth Sciences 5, no. 2 (February 20, 2013): 98–103. doi:10.19026/rjees.5.5644.
[3] Khan, Khushbukhat, Sidra Shaheen, Huma Iqbal, Ghazala Mushtaq Raja RohinaArif, Madeeha Khalil, Amna Munawaa, Maryem Batool et al. "Assessment of Waste Management Practices in Hospitals of Islamabad and Abbottabad-Pakistan.” Pure and Applied Biology 9, no. 1 (March 10, 2020). doi:10.19045/bspab.2020.90033.
[4] Altin, S., A. Altin, B. Elevli, and O. R. H. A. N. Cerit. "Determination of hospital waste composition and disposal methods: a case study." Polish Journal of Environmental Studies 12, no. 2 (2003): 251-255.
[5] Hameed, Kashif, Omar Riaz, Muhammad Nasar u Minallah, and Huma Munawar. "Types of Hospital Waste and Waste Generation Rate in Different Hospitals of Faisalabad City, Pakistan.” Journal of Basic & Applied Sciences 13 (July 4, 2017): 386–391. doi:10.6000/1927-5129.2017.13.63.
[6] Rasheed, Shahida, Saira Iqbal, Lubna A. Baig, and Kehkashan Mufti. "Hospital Waste Management in theTeaching Hospitals of Karachi." JPMA 55 (2005): 192.
[7] Arshad, Nosheen, Shamail Nayyar, Fatima Amin, and Khawaja Tahir Mahmood. "Hospital waste disposal: a review article." Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Research 3, no. 8 (2011): 1412.
[8] Wajs, Jan, Roksana Bochniak, and Aleksandra Golabek. "Proposal of a Mobile Medical Waste Incinerator with Application of Automatic Waste Feeder and Heat Recovery System as a Novelty in Poland.” Sustainability 11, no. 18 (September 12, 2019): 4980. doi:10.3390/su11184980.
[9] Yan, Chen, Zhang Kai, Xu Jiyun, Shao Zheru, and Ji Ru. "Analysis of Cooperative Disposal of Medical Waste Treatment and Municipal Solid Waste Incineration.” IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 295 (July 25, 2019): 012052. doi:10.1088/1755-1315/295/2/012052.
[10] Aboelnour, Amal, and Manal H. Abuelela. "Increase Adherence to Waste Management Policy at Healthcare Facility in Egypt.” Bulletin of the National Research Centre 43, no. 1 (February 18, 2019). doi:10.1186/s42269-019-0065-2.
[11] Jang, Yong-Chul, Cargro Lee, Oh-Sub Yoon, and Hwidong Kim. "Medical Waste Management in Korea.” Journal of Environmental Management 80, no. 2 (July 2006): 107–115. doi:10.1016/j.jenvman.2005.08.018.
[12] Thornton, J., M. McCally, P. Orris, and J. Weinberg. "Dioxin prevention and medical waste incinerators." Occupational Health and Industrial Medicine 1, no. 36 (1997): 11.
[13] Punjab Health Sector Reforms Support Project. Environmental and medical waste management plan. 2013.
[14] Mt, Farooq. "Assessment of Hospital Waste Management Protocols in Tertiary Care Hospitals of Lahore." Biomedica 33, no. 2 (2017).
[15] Ilyas, F. and J. Ikram, "Special report: The making of an HIV catastrophe - Pakistan - DAWN.COM.” (2019): 1–10.
[16] Toheed, Rakhshanda, TALHA BIN AYUB, and Saba Mumtaz. "Hospital Waste Management in Teaching Hospitals of Lahore System Assessment Using New Tool." Pakistan Journal of Medical & Health Sciences 10, no. 2 (2016): 377-379.
[17] Naqvi, Syed, Syed Kazmi, Saima Shaikh, and Maryum Akram. "Evaluation of Prevalence Patterns of Dengue Fever in Lahore District through Geo-Spatial Techniques.” Journal of Basic & Applied Sciences 11 (January 19, 2015): 20–30. doi:10.6000/1927-5129.2015.11.04.
[18] Bajwa A. 6th Population and Housing Census Provisional Results and Issues. (2018).
[19] Tabasi, Rahele, and Govindan Marthandan. "Clinical waste management: A review on important factors in clinical waste generation rate." International Journal of Science and Technology 3, no. 3 (2013): 194-200.
[20] Abd El-Salam, Magda Magdy. "Hospital Waste Management in El-Beheira Governorate, Egypt.” Journal of Environmental Management 91, no. 3 (January 2010): 618–629. doi:10.1016/j.jenvman.2009.08.012.
[21] Zimmermann, Agnieszka, and Robert Szyca. "Medical Waste Management in Poland the Legal Issues." Polish Journal of Environmental Studies 21, no. 4 (2012).
[22] Cheng, Y. W., F. C. Sung, Y. Yang, Y. H. Lo, Y. T. Chung, and K-C. Li. "Medical waste production at hospitals and associated factors." Waste Management 29, no. 1 (2009): 440-444. doi:10.1016/j.wasman.2008.01.014.
[23] Alhumoud, Jasem M., and Hani M. Alhumoud. "An analysis of trends related to hospital solid wastes management in Kuwait." Management of Environmental Quality: An International Journal (2007). doi:10.1108/14777830710778274.
[24] Marinković, Natalija, Ksenija Vitale, NataŠ¡a Janev Holcer, Aleksandar DŠ¾akula, and Tomo Pavić. "Management of hazardous medical waste in Croatia." Waste management 28, no. 6 (2008): 1049-1056. doi:10.1016/j.wasman.2007.01.021.
[25] Sanida, G., A. Karagiannidis, F. Mavidou, D. Vartzopoulos, N. Moussiopoulos, and S. Chatzopoulos. "Assessing generated quantities of infectious medical wastes: A case study for a health region administration in Central Macedonia, Greece." Waste Management 30, no. 3 (2010): 532-538. doi:10.1016/j.wasman.2008.11.019.
[26] Cesaro, A., and V. Belgiorno. "Medical waste generation and management in different sized facilities." In Proceedings of the 14th International Conference on Environmental Science and Technology, Rhode, Greece, pp. 3-5. (2015).
[27] Eslami, Akbar, Parviz Nowrouz, and Samira Sheikholeslami. "Status and challenges of medical waste management in hospitals of Iran." Civil Engineering Journal 3, no. 9 (2017): 741-748. doi:10.21859/cej-030910.
[28] UNEP, International Environmental Technology Centre. Compendium of technologies for treatment / destruction of healthcare waste. (2012).
[29] Theofanidis, D., A. Fountouki, F. Vosniakos, N. Papadakis, and K. Nikoalou. "Sustainable management of hospital waste: The view of Greek nurses." J. Environ. Prot. Ecol 9 (2008): 391-403.
[30] Bari, Md Niamul, Mir Md Abdul Hannan, Md Zahanggir Alam, and Md Annaduzzaman. "Critical issues of present medical waste management practice in Rajshahi city and its improvement strategies." Journal of Environmental Treatment Techniques 7, no. 3 (2019): 316-323.
[31] Minoglou, Minas, Spyridoula Gerassimidou, and Dimitrios Komilis. "Healthcare waste generation worldwide and its dependence on socio-economic and environmental factors." Sustainability 9, no. 2 (2017): 220. doi:10.3390/su9020220.
[32] Zahid, Zubia Reg. "EVALUATION OF WASTE MANAGEMENT PRACTICES IN BURJEEL HOSPITAL ABU DHABI, UAE." PhD diss., Bahria University Karachi Campus, 2017.
[33] Al-Khatib, Issam A., Ismail Abu Fkhidah, Jumana I. Khatib, and Stamatia Kontogianni. "Implementation of a multi-variable regression analysis in the assessment of the generation rate and composition of hospital solid waste for the design of a sustainable management system in developing countries." Waste Management & Research 34, no. 3 (2016): 225-234. doi:10.1177/0734242X15622813.
[34] Hossain, Md Lokman, and Md Jaseem Uddin. "Medical waste management at Upazila Level in Bangladesh." Journal of Environmental Treatment Techniques 2, no. 3 (2014): 85-94.
[35] Mohee, Romeela. "Medical wastes characterisation in healthcare institutions in Mauritius." Waste management 25, no. 6 (2005): 575-581. doi:10.1016/j.wasman.2004.10.003.
[36] Medical Waste Management. SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT OF LAHORE CITY OF THE STATE OF PUNJAB IN PAKISTAN MEDICAL WASTE. 2012.
[37] Abdulla, Fayez, Hani Abu Qdais, and Atallah Rabi. "Site investigation on medical waste management practices in northern Jordan." Waste management 28, no. 2 (2008): 450-458. doi:10.1016/j.wasman.2007.02.035.
[38] Yong, Zhang, Xiao Gang, Wang Guanxing, Zhou Tao, and Jiang Dawei. "Medical waste management in China: A case study of Nanjing." Waste management 29, no. 4 (2009): 1376-1382. doi:10.1016/j.wasman.2008.10.023.
[39] Verma, L. K., and J. N. Srivastava. "Dioxins and furans; and hospital waste incineration." Medical journal, Armed Forces India 56, no. 1 (2000): 53. doi:10.1016/s0377-1237(17)30093-x.
[40] Cheremisinoff PN, Shah MK. Hospital waste management. vol. 22. 1990.
[41] GоREN, S. "Evaluation of medical waste treatment systems in Turkey." Journal of Environmental Protection and Ecology 12, no. 2 (2011): 621-628.
[42] Akter, Kazi Shamima, and Shaikh Mohammad Shamim Reza. "Awareness on Medical Waste Management and Occupational Health Safety among the Employees Related to Medical Services at Upazila Level in Bangladesh." Journal of Environmental Treatment Techniques 7, no. 3 (2019): 282-288.
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