Performance Assessment of Interaction Soil Pile Structure Using the Fragility Methodology
Vol. 7 No. 2 (2021): February
Research Articles
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This study aimed to investigate whether the seismic fragility and performance of interaction soil-pile-structure (ISPS) were affected by different parameters: axial load, a section of the pile, and the longitudinal steel ratio of the pile were implanted in different type of sand (loose, medium, dense). In order to better understand the ISPS phenomena, a series of nonlinear static analysis have been conducted for two different cases, namely: (i) fixed system and (ii) ISPS system, to get the curves of the capacity of every parameter for developing the fragility curve. After a comparison of the numerical results of pushover analysis and fragility curves, the results indicate that these parameters are significantly influenced on lateral capacity, ductility and seismic fragility on the ISPS. The increasing in the axial load exhibit high probabilities of exceeding the damage state. The increase in pile section and longitudinal steel ratio, the effect of probability damage (low and high) are not only related to the propriety geometrically, but also related to the values of ductility and lateral capacity of the system.
Doi: 10.28991/cej-2021-03091660
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[15] Wang, Shiou-Chun, Kuang-Yen Liu, Chia-Han Chen, and Kuo-Chun Chang. "Experimental Investigation on Seismic Behavior of Scoured Bridge Pier with Pile Foundation.” Earthquake Engineering & Structural Dynamics 44, no. 6 (October 16, 2014): 849–864. doi:10.1002/eqe.2489.
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[19] Porter, K.A. "An overview of PEER's Performance-based earthquake engineering methodology”, ICASP9, Civil Engineering Risk and Reliability Association (CERRA), San Francisco, CA, (July 2003).
[20] Comerio, Mary C., John C. Stallmeyer, Ryan Smith, Nicos Makris, Dimitrios Konstantinidis, Khalid Mosalam, Tae-Hyung Lee et al. "PEER testbed study on a laboratory building: exercising seismic performance assessment." PEER Report 2005/12 2005/1 (2005).
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[22] Sekhri, Khadidja, Djarir Yahiaoui, and Khlifa Abbache. "Inelastic Response of Soil-Pile-Structure Interaction System under Lateral Loading: A Parametric Study." Jordan Journal of Civil Engineering 14, no. 2 (2020).
[23] Saha, Rajib, Sekhar Chandra Dutta, Sumanta Haldar, and Sumit Kumar. "Effect of Soil-Pile Raft-Structure Interaction on Elastic and Inelastic Seismic Behaviour.” Structures 26 (August 2020): 378–395. doi:10.1016/j.istruc.2020.04.022.
[24] Ajamy, A., B. Asgarian, C.E. Ventura, and M.R. Zolfaghari. "Seismic Fragility Analysis of Jacket Type Offshore Platforms Considering Soil-Pile-Structure Interaction.” Engineering Structures 174 (November 2018): 198–211. doi:10.1016/j.engstruct.2018.07.066.
[25] Ajamy, A., M.R. Zolfaghari, B. Asgarian, and C.E. Ventura. "Probabilistic Seismic Analysis of Offshore Platforms Incorporating Uncertainty in Soil–pile–structure Interactions.” Journal of Constructional Steel Research 101 (October 2014): 265–279. doi:10.1016/j.jcsr.2014.05.024.
[26] Shafieezadeh, Abdollah, Reginald DesRoches, Glenn J. Rix, and Stuart D. Werner. "Three-Dimensional Wharf Response to Far-Field and Impulsive Near-Field Ground Motions in Liquefiable Soils.” Journal of Structural Engineering 139, no. 8 (August 2013): 1395–1407. doi:10.1061/(asce)st.1943-541x.0000642.
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[28] Na, Ung Jin, Samit Ray Chaudhuri, and Masanobu Shinozuka. "Performance Evaluation of Pile-Supported Wharf Under Seismic Loading.” TCLEE 2009 (June 24, 2009): 1-10. doi:10.1061/41050(357)98.
[29] Mitropoulou, Chara Ch., Christos Kostopanagiotis, Markos Kopanos, Dennis Ioakim, and Nikos D. Lagaros. "Influence of Soil–structure Interaction on Fragility Assessment of Building Structures.” Structures 6 (May 2016): 85–98. doi:10.1016/j.istruc.2016.02.005.
[30] Stefanidou, Sotiria P., Anastasios G. Sextos, Anastasios N. Kotsoglou, Nikolaos Lesgidis, and Andreas J. Kappos. "Soil-Structure Interaction Effects in Analysis of Seismic Fragility of Bridges Using an Intensity-Based Ground Motion Selection Procedure.” Engineering Structures 151 (November 2017): 366–380. doi:10.1016/j.engstruct.2017.08.033.
[31] Wang, Xiaowei, Aijun Ye, and Bohai Ji. "Fragility-Based Sensitivity Analysis on the Seismic Performance of Pile-Group-Supported Bridges in Liquefiable Ground Undergoing Scour Potentials.” Engineering Structures 198 (November 2019): 109427. doi:10.1016/j.engstruct.2019.109427.
[32] SAP2000, Version 8. "Basic analysis reference”. Computers and Structures, Inc., Berkeley, (2002).
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[35] Bae, S., and Bayrak, O. "Plastic Hinge Length of Reinforced Concrete Columns.” ACI Structural Journal 105, no. 3 (2008): 290. doi:10.14359/19788.
[36] Filippou, F. C., Popov, E. P., and Bertero, V. V. "Effect of bond deterioration on hysteretic behavior of reinforced concrete joints”. (1983): 137-147.
[37] Kent, Dudley Charles, and Robert Park. "Flexural Members with Confined Concrete.” Journal of the Structural Division 97, no. 7 (July 1971): 1969–1990. doi:10.1061/jsdeag.0002957.
[38] MenegottoM, PintoPE "Method of analysis for cyclically loaded reinforced concrete plane frames including changes in geometry and non-elastic behavior of elements”. IABSE symposium on resistance and ultimate deformability of structure. Acted on by Well-Defined Repeated Loads. Lisbon: ACmPress 15 (1973): 22.
[39] Scott, B. D., Park, R., and Priestley, M. J. "Stress-Strain Behavior of Concrete Confined by Overlapping Hoops at Low and High Strain Rates.” ACI Journal Proceedings 79, no. 1 (January 1982). doi:10.14359/10875.
[40] Kennedy, R.P., C.A. Cornell, R.D. Campbell, S. Kaplan, and H.F. Perla. "Probabilistic Seismic Safety Study of an Existing Nuclear Power Plant.” Nuclear Engineering and Design 59, no. 2 (August 1980): 315–338. doi:10.1016/0029-5493(80)90203-4.
[41] SEAOC. Vision 2000 Committee, and California. Office of Emergency Services. "Performance Based Seismic Engineering of Buildings”: pt. 3. Preliminary Northridge lessons. pt. 4. Moving the blue book toward performance based engineering. Vol. 2. Structural Engineers Association of California, (1995).
[42] Baltzopoulos, Georgios, Roberto Baraschino, Iunio Iervolino, and Dimitrios Vamvatsikos. "SPO2FRAG: Software for Seismic Fragility Assessment Based on Static Pushover.” Bulletin of Earthquake Engineering 15, no. 10 (May 8, 2017): 4399–4425. doi:10.1007/s10518-017-0145-3.
[43] Cox, William R., Lyman C. Reese, and Berry R. Grubbs. "Field Testing of Laterally Loaded Piles In Sand.” Offshore Technology Conference (May 1974). doi:10.4043/2079-ms.
[2] Jeremić, Boris, Sashi Kunnath, and Feng Xiong. "Influence of Soil–foundation–structure Interaction on Seismic Response of the I-880 Viaduct.” Engineering Structures 26, no. 3 (February 2004): 391–402. doi:10.1016/j.engstruct.2003.10.011.
[3] Tongaonkar, N.P., and R.S. Jangid. "Seismic Response of Isolated Bridges with Soil–structure Interaction.” Soil Dynamics and Earthquake Engineering 23, no. 4 (June 2003): 287–302. doi:10.1016/s0267-7261(03)00020-4.
[4] Ciampoli, Marcello, and Paolo E. Pinto. "Effects of Soil-Structure Interaction on Inelastic Seismic Response of Bridge Piers.” Journal of Structural Engineering 121, no. 5 (May 1995): 806–814. doi:10.1061/(asce)0733-9445(1995)121:5(806).
[5] Elnashai, A. S., and D. C. McClure. "Effect of modelling assumptions and input motion characteristics on seismic design parameters of RC bridge piers." Earthquake engineering & structural dynamics 25, no. 5 (1996): 435-463. doi:10.1002/(sici)1096-9845(199605)25:5<435::aid-eqe562>3.0.co;2-p.
[6] Mylonakis, George, and George Gazetas. "Seismic Soil-Structure Interaction: Beneficial or Detrimental?” Journal of Earthquake Engineering 4, no. 3 (July 2000): 277–301. doi:10.1080/13632460009350372.
[7] Djarir, Yahiaoui, and Kadid Abdelkrim. "Seismic Response of Reinforced Concrete Frames On Flexible Foundations Subjected To both Horizontal and Vertical Ground Motions." Malaysian Journal of Civil Engineering 24, no. 2 (2012): 202-214.
[8] Huynh, Van Quan, Xuan Huy Nguyen, and Trung Kien Nguyen. "A Macro-Element for Modeling the Non-Linear Interaction of Soil-Shallow Foundation under Seismic Loading.” Civil Engineering Journal 6, no. 4 (April 1, 2020): 714–723. doi:10.28991/cej-2020-03091503.
[9] Mylonakis, George, Costis Syngros, George Gazetas, and Takashi Tazoh. "The Role of Soil in the Collapse of 18 Piers of Hanshin Expressway in the Kobe Earthquake.” Earthquake Engineering & Structural Dynamics 35, no. 5 (2006): 547–575. doi:10.1002/eqe.543.
[10] Makris, N., T. Tazoh, X. Yun, and A.C. Fill. "Prediction of the Measured Response of a Scaled Soil-Pile-Superstructure System.” Soil Dynamics and Earthquake Engineering 16, no. 2 (February 1997): 113–124. doi:10.1016/s0267-7261(96)00037-1.
[11] Yao, Shintaro, Koichi Kobayashi, Nozomu Yoshida, and Hiroshi Matsuo. "Interactive Behavior of Soil–pile-Superstructure System in Transient State to Liquefaction by Means of Large Shake Table Tests.” Soil Dynamics and Earthquake Engineering 24, no. 5 (July 2004): 397–409. doi:10.1016/j.soildyn.2003.12.003.
[12] Tokimatsu, Kohji, Hiroko Suzuki, and Masayoshi Sato. "Effects of Inertial and Kinematic Interaction on Seismic Behavior of Pile with Embedded Foundation.” Soil Dynamics and Earthquake Engineering 25, no. 7–10 (August 2005): 753–762. doi:10.1016/j.soildyn.2004.11.018.
[13] Chau, K.T., C.Y. Shen, and X. Guo. "Nonlinear Seismic Soil–pile–structure Interactions: Shaking Table Tests and FEM Analyses.” Soil Dynamics and Earthquake Engineering 29, no. 2 (February 2009): 300–310. doi:10.1016/j.soildyn.2008.02.004.
[14] Gao, Xia, Xian-zhang Ling, Liang Tang, and Peng-ju Xu. "Soil–pile-Bridge Structure Interaction in Liquefying Ground Using Shake Table Testing.” Soil Dynamics and Earthquake Engineering 31, no. 7 (July 2011): 1009–1017. doi:10.1016/j.soildyn.2011.03.007.
[15] Wang, Shiou-Chun, Kuang-Yen Liu, Chia-Han Chen, and Kuo-Chun Chang. "Experimental Investigation on Seismic Behavior of Scoured Bridge Pier with Pile Foundation.” Earthquake Engineering & Structural Dynamics 44, no. 6 (October 16, 2014): 849–864. doi:10.1002/eqe.2489.
[16] Durante, Maria Giovanna, Luigi Di Sarno, George Mylonakis, Colin A. Taylor, and Armando Lucio Simonelli. "Soil-Pile-Structure Interaction: Experimental Outcomes from Shaking Table Tests.” Earthquake Engineering & Structural Dynamics 45, no. 7 (December 29, 2015): 1041–1061. doi:10.1002/eqe.2694.
[17] Moehle, J. P. "A framework for performance-based earthquake engineering”. In Proceedings of ATC-15-9 Workshop on the Improvement of Building Structural Design and Construction Practices June, Maui, H, (June 2003).
[18] Houda, Gasmi, Bouzid Tayeb, and D. Yahiaoui. "Key Parameters Influencing Performance and Failure Modes for Interaction Soil–pile–structure System under Lateral Loading.” Asian Journal of Civil Engineering 19, no. 3 (March 20, 2018): 355–373. doi:10.1007/s42107-018-0033-4.
[19] Porter, K.A. "An overview of PEER's Performance-based earthquake engineering methodology”, ICASP9, Civil Engineering Risk and Reliability Association (CERRA), San Francisco, CA, (July 2003).
[20] Comerio, Mary C., John C. Stallmeyer, Ryan Smith, Nicos Makris, Dimitrios Konstantinidis, Khalid Mosalam, Tae-Hyung Lee et al. "PEER testbed study on a laboratory building: exercising seismic performance assessment." PEER Report 2005/12 2005/1 (2005).
[21] Krawinkler, Helmut, ed. "Van Nuys hotel building testbed report: exercising seismic performance assessment”. Pacific Earthquake Engineering Research Center”, College of Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, (2005).
[22] Sekhri, Khadidja, Djarir Yahiaoui, and Khlifa Abbache. "Inelastic Response of Soil-Pile-Structure Interaction System under Lateral Loading: A Parametric Study." Jordan Journal of Civil Engineering 14, no. 2 (2020).
[23] Saha, Rajib, Sekhar Chandra Dutta, Sumanta Haldar, and Sumit Kumar. "Effect of Soil-Pile Raft-Structure Interaction on Elastic and Inelastic Seismic Behaviour.” Structures 26 (August 2020): 378–395. doi:10.1016/j.istruc.2020.04.022.
[24] Ajamy, A., B. Asgarian, C.E. Ventura, and M.R. Zolfaghari. "Seismic Fragility Analysis of Jacket Type Offshore Platforms Considering Soil-Pile-Structure Interaction.” Engineering Structures 174 (November 2018): 198–211. doi:10.1016/j.engstruct.2018.07.066.
[25] Ajamy, A., M.R. Zolfaghari, B. Asgarian, and C.E. Ventura. "Probabilistic Seismic Analysis of Offshore Platforms Incorporating Uncertainty in Soil–pile–structure Interactions.” Journal of Constructional Steel Research 101 (October 2014): 265–279. doi:10.1016/j.jcsr.2014.05.024.
[26] Shafieezadeh, Abdollah, Reginald DesRoches, Glenn J. Rix, and Stuart D. Werner. "Three-Dimensional Wharf Response to Far-Field and Impulsive Near-Field Ground Motions in Liquefiable Soils.” Journal of Structural Engineering 139, no. 8 (August 2013): 1395–1407. doi:10.1061/(asce)st.1943-541x.0000642.
[27] Su, Lei, Jinchi Lu, Ahmed Elgamal, and Arul K. Arulmoli. "Seismic Performance of a Pile-Supported Wharf: Three-Dimensional Finite Element Simulation.” Soil Dynamics and Earthquake Engineering 95 (April 2017): 167–179. doi:10.1016/j.soildyn.2017.01.009.
[28] Na, Ung Jin, Samit Ray Chaudhuri, and Masanobu Shinozuka. "Performance Evaluation of Pile-Supported Wharf Under Seismic Loading.” TCLEE 2009 (June 24, 2009): 1-10. doi:10.1061/41050(357)98.
[29] Mitropoulou, Chara Ch., Christos Kostopanagiotis, Markos Kopanos, Dennis Ioakim, and Nikos D. Lagaros. "Influence of Soil–structure Interaction on Fragility Assessment of Building Structures.” Structures 6 (May 2016): 85–98. doi:10.1016/j.istruc.2016.02.005.
[30] Stefanidou, Sotiria P., Anastasios G. Sextos, Anastasios N. Kotsoglou, Nikolaos Lesgidis, and Andreas J. Kappos. "Soil-Structure Interaction Effects in Analysis of Seismic Fragility of Bridges Using an Intensity-Based Ground Motion Selection Procedure.” Engineering Structures 151 (November 2017): 366–380. doi:10.1016/j.engstruct.2017.08.033.
[31] Wang, Xiaowei, Aijun Ye, and Bohai Ji. "Fragility-Based Sensitivity Analysis on the Seismic Performance of Pile-Group-Supported Bridges in Liquefiable Ground Undergoing Scour Potentials.” Engineering Structures 198 (November 2019): 109427. doi:10.1016/j.engstruct.2019.109427.
[32] SAP2000, Version 8. "Basic analysis reference”. Computers and Structures, Inc., Berkeley, (2002).
[33] Guedes J. P. S. C. D. M. "Seismic behaviour of reinforced concrete bridges: modelling, numerical analysis and experimental assessment”. Diss. PhD Thesis, Universidade do Porto, Porto, (1997).
[34] Guedes, J. P. S. C. M., Pegon, P., and Pinto, A. V. "A fibre/Timoshenko beam element in CASTEM 2000”. special publication Nr. I 94 (1994): 55.
[35] Bae, S., and Bayrak, O. "Plastic Hinge Length of Reinforced Concrete Columns.” ACI Structural Journal 105, no. 3 (2008): 290. doi:10.14359/19788.
[36] Filippou, F. C., Popov, E. P., and Bertero, V. V. "Effect of bond deterioration on hysteretic behavior of reinforced concrete joints”. (1983): 137-147.
[37] Kent, Dudley Charles, and Robert Park. "Flexural Members with Confined Concrete.” Journal of the Structural Division 97, no. 7 (July 1971): 1969–1990. doi:10.1061/jsdeag.0002957.
[38] MenegottoM, PintoPE "Method of analysis for cyclically loaded reinforced concrete plane frames including changes in geometry and non-elastic behavior of elements”. IABSE symposium on resistance and ultimate deformability of structure. Acted on by Well-Defined Repeated Loads. Lisbon: ACmPress 15 (1973): 22.
[39] Scott, B. D., Park, R., and Priestley, M. J. "Stress-Strain Behavior of Concrete Confined by Overlapping Hoops at Low and High Strain Rates.” ACI Journal Proceedings 79, no. 1 (January 1982). doi:10.14359/10875.
[40] Kennedy, R.P., C.A. Cornell, R.D. Campbell, S. Kaplan, and H.F. Perla. "Probabilistic Seismic Safety Study of an Existing Nuclear Power Plant.” Nuclear Engineering and Design 59, no. 2 (August 1980): 315–338. doi:10.1016/0029-5493(80)90203-4.
[41] SEAOC. Vision 2000 Committee, and California. Office of Emergency Services. "Performance Based Seismic Engineering of Buildings”: pt. 3. Preliminary Northridge lessons. pt. 4. Moving the blue book toward performance based engineering. Vol. 2. Structural Engineers Association of California, (1995).
[42] Baltzopoulos, Georgios, Roberto Baraschino, Iunio Iervolino, and Dimitrios Vamvatsikos. "SPO2FRAG: Software for Seismic Fragility Assessment Based on Static Pushover.” Bulletin of Earthquake Engineering 15, no. 10 (May 8, 2017): 4399–4425. doi:10.1007/s10518-017-0145-3.
[43] Cox, William R., Lyman C. Reese, and Berry R. Grubbs. "Field Testing of Laterally Loaded Piles In Sand.” Offshore Technology Conference (May 1974). doi:10.4043/2079-ms.
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