1. Home
  2. Vol 9, No 11 (2023)
  3. Nguyen

Risks of Surface Water Pollution in Southern Vietnam

Giao Thanh Nguyen, Dan Hoang Truong

Abstract


The study was carried out to assess surface water quality and ecological risks in water bodies in the southern region of Vietnam. The study used monitoring data at 58 locations, which were collected in March, May, June, July, August, October, November, and December of 2022, with 11 water quality parameters (temperature, pH, DO, TSS, BOD, COD, NH4+-N, NO3--N, Fe, Pb, and Cd). Comprehensive pollution index (CPI), ecological risk level, and multivariate statistical analysis methods were utilized. The values of CPI showed that the surface water quality was mildly polluted, moderately polluted, and severely polluted, accounting for 37.93, 46.93, and 15.52%, respectively. In particular, heavy pollution was concentrated in the water bodies of the Sai Gon and Vam Co Rivers. TSS, BOD, COD, NH4+-N, and Fe had a moderate to high level of risk, while water samples contaminated with NO3--N, Pb, and Cd had a level of risk from low to safe. High levels of risk were concentrated in the water bodies of the Sai Gon River and Vam Co River, typically BOD and COD. Based on the impact level, the positions were classified into five groups, with the locations on the Sai Gon River and Vam Co River (Groups 4 and 5) being affected by various waste sources in the inner city of Ho Chi Minh City. The PCA results presented three sources, such as discharge from residential areas, soil erosion, and agriculture, that have caused water quality fluctuations and increased the impact on the water quality of water bodies. Measures to protect water resources according to environmental protection laws must be implemented soon to minimize ecological risks from water-polluting sources.

 

Doi: 10.28991/CEJ-2023-09-11-06

Full Text: PDF


Keywords


Cluster Analysis; Comprehensive Pollution Index; Ecological Risk; Water Quality.

References


Amoatey, P., & Baawain, M. S. (2019). Effects of pollution on freshwater aquatic organisms. Water Environment Research, 91(10), 1272–1287. doi:10.1002/wer.1221.

Kumar, A., Mishra, S., Taxak, A. K., Pandey, R., & Yu, Z. G. (2020). Nature rejuvenation: Long-term (1989–2016) vs short-term memory approach based appraisal of water quality of the upper part of Ganga River, India. Environmental Technology and Innovation, 20, 101164. doi:10.1016/j.eti.2020.101164.

Sidabutar, T., Srimariana, E. S., Cappenberg, H. A. W., & Wouthuyzen, S. (2022). Harmful algal bloom of the three selected coastal bays in Indonesia. IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science, 1119(1), 12035. doi:10.1088/1755-1315/1119/1/012035.

Mishra, P., Naik, S., Babu, P. V., Pradhan, U., Begum, M., Kaviarasan, T., Vashi, A., Bandyopadhyay, D., Ezhilarasan, P., Panda, U. S., & Murthy, M. V. R. (2022). Algal bloom, hypoxia, and mass fish kill events in the backwaters of Puducherry, Southeast coast of India. Oceanologia, 64(2), 396–403. doi:10.1016/j.oceano.2021.11.003.

Sarda, P., & Sadgir, P. (2015). Assessment of multi parameters of water quality in surface water bodies-a review. International Journal for Research in Applied Science & Engineering Technology, 3(8), 331-336.

Iwegbue, C. M. A., Faran, T. K., Iniaghe, P. O., Ikpefan, J. O., Tesi, G. O., Nwajei, G. E., & Martincigh, B. S. (2023). Water quality of Bomadi Creek in the Niger Delta of Nigeria: assessment of some physicochemical properties, metal concentrations, and water quality index. Applied Water Science, 13(2), 36. doi:10.1007/s13201-022-01804-2.

Khayatzadeh, J., & Abbasi, E. (2010, April). The effects of heavy metals on aquatic animals. The 1st International Applied Geological Congress, 26-28 April, 210, Department of Geology, Islamic Azad University–Mashad Branch, Mashhad, Iran.

QCVN 08-MT:2015/BTNMT. (2008). National technical regulation on surface water quality. Ministry of Natural Resources and Environment, Hanoi, Vietnam.

Islam, M. S., Nakagawa, K., Abdullah-Al-mamun, M., Khan, A. S., Goni, M. A., & Berndtsson, R. (2022). Spatial Distribution and Source Identification of Water Quality Parameters of an Industrial Seaport Riverbank Area in Bangladesh. Water (Switzerland), 14(9), 1356. doi:10.3390/w14091356.

Yang, Y., Huang, X., Wu, X., Liu, C., Zhao, S., & Zhu, X. (2022). The spatiotemporal variations characteristic and pollution evaluation of water quality in Qujiang River, China. Applied Water Science, 13(2), 32. doi:10.1007/s13201-022-01829-7.

Wang, Z., Luo, P., Zha, X., Xu, C., Kang, S., Zhou, M., Nover, D., & Wang, Y. (2022). Overview assessment of risk evaluation and treatment technologies for heavy metal pollution of water and soil. Journal of Cleaner Production, 379, 134043. doi:10.1016/j.jclepro.2022.134043.

Hanif, H., Waseem, A., Kali, S., Qureshi, N. A., Majid, M., Iqbal, M., Ur-Rehman, T., Tahir, M., Yousaf, S., Iqbal, M. M., Khan, I. A., & Zafar, M. I. (2020). Environmental risk assessment of diclofenac residues in surface waters and wastewater: a hidden global threat to aquatic ecosystem. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment, 192(4), 204. doi:10.1007/s10661-020-8151-3.

Nieto-Juárez, J. I., Torres-Palma, R. A., Botero-Coy, A. M., & Hernández, F. (2021). Pharmaceuticals and environmental risk assessment in municipal wastewater treatment plants and rivers from Peru. Environment International, 155, 106674. doi:10.1016/j.envint.2021.106674.

Xu, H., Liu, Y., Xu, X., Lan, H., Qi, W., Wang, D., Liu, H., & Qu, J. (2022). Spatiotemporal variation and risk assessment of phthalate acid esters (PAEs) in surface water of the Yangtze River Basin, China. Science of the Total Environment, 836, 155677. doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.155677.

Zhang, Z. M., Zhang, F., Du, J. L., & Chen, D. C. (2022). Surface Water Quality Assessment and Contamination Source Identification Using Multivariate Statistical Techniques: A Case Study of the Nanxi River in the Taihu Watershed, China. Water (Switzerland), 14(5), 778. doi:10.3390/w14050778.

Desa, M. S. M., Sulaiman, M. A., & Rajan, S. (2023). Water Quality Assessment and Characterization of Rivers in Pasir Gudang, Johor via Multivariate Statistical Techniques. Pertanika Journal of Science and Technology, 31(1), 495–510. doi:10.47836/pjst.31.1.29.

Thi Thu Huong, T., Quan, T. A., Hanh, N. T. H., & Tong, N. X. (2023). Assessing water quality in the Dong Nai River (Vietnam): implications for sustainable management and pollution control. Water Science and Technology, 87(11), 2917-2929. doi:10.2166/wst.2023.151.

Dung, T. D., Quan, N. Q., Hue, N. T. T., & Luan, P. (2021). Evaluation of water quality of La Buong River by multivariate statistical method in space and time. Journal of Meteorology and Hydrology, 731, 36-53.

Trinh, N. N., Thinh, N. H. D., Thu, N. T. Q., Phuong, P. T. D., Thoa, L. T. K., & Van, C. T. (2022). Application of WQI index to assess the current state of surface water quality of Bao Dinh River flowing through Tan An city. Journal of Meteorology and Hydrology, 744, 28-38.

Circular No. 10/2021/TT-BTNMT. (2021). Circular Technical regulations on environmental monitoring and management of environmental quality monitoring information and data. Ministry of Natural Resources and Environment, Hanoi, Vietnam.

Son, C. T., Giang, N. T. H., Thao, T. P., Nui, N. H., Lam, N. T., & Cong, V. H. (2020). Assessment of Cau River water quality assessment using a combination of water quality and pollution indices. Journal of Water Supply: Research and Technology - AQUA, 69(2), 160–172. doi:10.2166/aqua.2020.122.

Wan Mohtar, W. H. M., Abdul Maulud, K. N., Muhammad, N. S., Sharil, S., & Yaseen, Z. M. (2019). Spatial and temporal risk quotient based river assessment for water resources management. Environmental Pollution, 248, 133–144. doi:10.1016/j.envpol.2019.02.011.

Lorenz, M., Nguyen, H. Q., Le, T. D. H., Zeunert, S., Dang, D. H., Le, Q. D., Le, H., & Meon, G. (2021). Discovering water quality changes and patterns of the endangered thi vai estuary in southern Vietnam through trend and multivariate analysis. Water (Switzerland), 13(10), 1330. doi:10.3390/w13101330.

Nguyen, T. T. N., Némery, J., Gratiot, N., Garnier, J., Strady, E., Tran, V. Q., Nguyen, A. T., Nguyen, T. N. T., Golliet, C., & Aimé, J. (2019). Phosphorus adsorption/desorption processes in the tropical Saigon River estuary (Southern Vietnam) impacted by a megacity. Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science, 227, 106321. doi:10.1016/j.ecss.2019.106321.

Nguyen, T. T. N., Némery, J., Gratiot, N., Strady, E., Tran, V. Q., Nguyen, A. T., Aimé, J., & Peyne, A. (2019). Nutrient dynamics and eutrophication assessment in the tropical river system of Saigon – Dongnai (southern Vietnam). Science of the Total Environment, 653, 370–383. doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.10.319.

Wehrheim, C., Lübken, M., Stolpe, H., & Wichern, M. (2023). Identifying Key Influences on Surface Water Quality in Freshwater Areas of the Vietnamese Mekong Delta from 2018 to 2020. Water (Switzerland), 15(7), 1295. doi:10.3390/w15071295.

Costa-Böddeker, S., Hoelzmann, P., Thuyên, L. X., Huy, H. D., Nguyen, H. A., Richter, O., & Schwalb, A. (2017). Ecological risk assessment of a coastal zone in Southern Vietnam: Spatial distribution and content of heavy metals in water and surface sediments of the Thi Vai Estuary and Can Gio Mangrove Forest. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 114(2), 1141–1151. doi:10.1016/j.marpolbul.2016.10.046.

Milazzo, A. D. D., Silva, A. C. M., Oliveira, D. A. F. de, & Cruz, M. J. M. da. (2014). The influence of seasonality (dry and rainy) on the bioavailability and bioconcentration of metals in an estuarine zone. Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science, 149, 143–150. doi:10.1016/j.ecss.2014.08.013.

Renitasari, D. P., Kurniawan, A., & Kurniaji, A. (2021). Blood glucose of tilapia fish Oreochromis Mossambica as a water bio indicator in the downstream of Brantas waters, East Java. AACL Bioflux, 14(4), 2040–2049.

Bhateria, R., & Jain, D. (2016). Water quality assessment of lake water: a review. Sustainable Water Resources Management, 2(2), 161–173. doi:10.1007/s40899-015-0014-7.

Gaur, N., Sarkar, A., Dutta, D., Gogoi, B. J., Dubey, R., & Dwivedi, S. K. (2022). Evaluation of water quality index and geochemical characteristics of surfacewater from Tawang India. Scientific Reports, 12(1), 11698. doi:10.1038/s41598-022-14760-3.

Grizzetti, B., Bouraoui, F., & Aloe, A. (2012). Changes of nitrogen and phosphorus loads to European seas. Global Change Biology, 18(2), 769–782. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2486.2011.02576.x.

Edokpayi, J. N., Odiyo, J. O., Popoola, O. E., & Msagati, T. A. M. (2016). Assessment of trace metals contamination of surface water and sediment: A case study of Mvudi River, South Africa. Sustainability (Switzerland), 8(2), 135. doi:10.3390/su8020135.

Cadmus, P., Brinkman, S. F., & May, M. K. (2018). Chronic Toxicity of Ferric Iron for North American Aquatic Organisms: Derivation of a Chronic Water Quality Criterion Using Single Species and Mesocosm Data. Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology, 74(4), 605–615. doi:10.1007/s00244-018-0505-2.

Choudhury, T. R., Islam, T., Md Towfiqul Islam, A. R., Hasanuzzaman, M., Idris, A. M., Rahman, M. S., Alam, E., & Chowdhury, A. M. S. (2022). Multi-media compartments for assessing ecological and health risks from concurrent exposure to multiple contaminants on Bhola Island, Bangladesh. Emerging Contaminants, 8, 134–150. doi:10.1016/j.emcon.2022.03.001.

Zhang, Y., Li, F., Zhang, Q., Li, J., & Liu, Q. (2014). Tracing nitrate pollution sources and transformation in surface- and ground-waters using environmental isotopes. Science of the Total Environment, 490, 213–222. doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2014.05.004.

Ngatia, M., Kithiia, S. M., & Voda, M. (2023). Effects of Anthropogenic Activities on Water Quality within Ngong River Sub-Catchment, Nairobi, Kenya. Water (Switzerland), 15(4), 660. doi:10.3390/w15040660.

Ali, M. M., Islam, M. S., Islam, A. R. M. T., Bhuyan, M. S., Ahmed, A. S. S., Rahman, M. Z., & Rahman, M. M. (2022). Toxic metal pollution and ecological risk assessment in water and sediment at ship breaking sites in the Bay of Bengal Coast, Bangladesh. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 175. doi:10.1016/j.marpolbul.2021.113274.

Bijay-Singh, & Craswell, E. (2021). Fertilizers and nitrate pollution of surface and ground water: an increasingly pervasive global problem. SN Applied Sciences, 3(4), 518. doi:10.1007/s42452-021-04521-8.

Yen, T. P., & Rohasliney, H. (2013). Status of water quality subject to sand mining in the Kelantan River, Kelantan. Tropical Life Sciences Research, 24(1), 19.


Full Text: PDF

DOI: 10.28991/CEJ-2023-09-11-06

Refbacks

  • There are currently no refbacks.


Bookmark and Share


Copyright (c) 2023 Giao Thanh Nguyen, Dan Hoang Truong

Creative Commons License
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
x
Message