Comparison Study of CBFs and EBFs Bracing in Steel Structures with Nonlinear Time History Analysis
Vol. 3 No. 11 (2017): November
Research Articles
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Steel concentrically braced frames (CBFs) and Steel eccentricity braced frames (EBFs) are frequently used as efficient lateral load resisting systems to resist earthquake and wind loads. This paper focuses on high seismic applications where the brace members in CBFs and EBFs dissipate energy through repeated cycles of buckling and yielding. The present study evaluates in detail the design philosophies and provisions used in the United States for these systems. The results of a total of 176 analysis of nonlinear history of seismic behavior of CBFs and EBFs braces have been presented. Notable differences are observed between the performances of the CBFs and EBFs designed using American provisions. The similarities and differences are thoroughly discussed.
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[9] J. Shen, R.Wen, B. Akbas, Mechanisms in two-story X-braced frames, J. Constr. Steel Res. 106 (2015) 258–277. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcsr.2014.12.014.
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[11] AISC, Seismic Provisions for Structural Steel Buildings, ANSI/AISC 341-10, American Institute of Steel Construction, Chicago, IL, 2010. https://doi.org/10.1201/b11248-8.
[12] Eurocode 3, Design of steel structures – part 1-1: general rules and rules for buildings, EN 1993-1:2003, European Standard, Comité Européen de Normalisation, Brussels, 2003. https://doi.org/10.1002/9783433601099.ch5.
[13] Eurocode 8, Design of structures for earthquake resistance - part 1: general rules, seismic actions and rules for buildings, EN 1998-1:2004, European Standard, Comité Européen de Normalisation, Brussels, 2004. https://doi.org/10.3403/03244372.
[14] ASCE, Minimum Design Loads for Buildings and Other Structures, ASCE/SEI-7-10, Structural Engineering Institute of the American Society of Civil Engineers, Reston, VA, 2010. https://doi.org/10.1061/9780784408094.err.
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[16] FEMA, Quantification of building seismic performance factors, FEMA-P695, Building Seismic Safety Council for the Federal Emergency Management Agency, Washington, DC, 2009. https://doi.org/10.4135/9781452275956.n137.
[17] ABAQUS 2017 [Computer Software], Providence, Simulia, RI: Dassault Systèmes, 2017. https://doi.org/ 10.15199/148.201 7.2.5.
[18] M. D'Aniello, G. La Manna Ambrosino, F. Portioli, R. Landolfo, Modelling aspects of the seismic response of steel concentric braced frames, Steel Compos. Struct. 15 (5) (2013) 539–566. https://doi.org/10.12989/scs.2013.15.5.539.
[19] M. D'Aniello, G. La Manna Ambrosino, F. Portioli, R. Landolfo, The influence of out ofstraightness imperfection in physical theory models of bracingmembers on seismic performance assessment of concentric braced structures, Struct. Design Tall Spec. Build. 24 (3) (2015) 176–197. https://doi.org/10.1002/tal.1160.
[20] G.G. Deierlein, A.M. Reinhord, M.R. Willford, Nonlinear structural analysis for seismic design, A Guide for Practicing Engineers, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD, 2010 (NIST GCR 10-917-5).https://doi.org/10.6028 /nist.ir.6142.
[21] B.V. Fell, Large-scale Testing and Simulation of Earthquake-induced Ultra Low Cycle Fatigue in Bracing Members Subjected to Cyclic Inelastic Buckling(Ph.D. Thesis) Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of California, Davis, CA, 2008. https://doi.org/10.18057/ijasc.2008.4.4.1.
[22] J.F. Hall, Problems encountered from the use (or misuse) of Rayleigh damping, Earthq. Eng. Struct. Dyn. 35 (5) (2006) 525545. https://doi.org/10.1002/eqe.541.
[23] F.A. Charney, Unintended Consequences of Modeling Damping in Structures, J. Struct. Eng. ASCE 134 (4) (2008) 581–592. https://doi.org/10.1061/(asce)0733-9445(2008)134:4(581).
[24] Y.Khademi, M.R., Comparison study of CBF and EBF bracing operation in steel structures. International Journal of Innovative Science, Engineering & Technology, 2016. 3(8): p. 6.
[25] A. Astaneh-Asl, Seismic Behavior and Design of Gusset Plates, Steel TIPS, Structural Steel Education Council, Berkeley, CA, 1998. https://doi.org/10.4203/ccp.47.2.2.
[26] Kazemzadeh Azad, Sina, Cem Topkaya, and Abolhassan Astaneh-Asl. "Seismic Behavior of Concentrically Braced Frames Designed to AISC341 and EC8 Provisions.” Journal of Constructional Steel Research 133 (June 2017): 383–404. doi:10.1016/j.jcsr.2017.02.026.
[2] M. Nakashima, K. Inoue, M. Tada, Classification of damage to steel buildings observed in the 1995 Hyogoken-Nanbu earthquake, Eng. Struct. 20 (4) (1998) 271–281. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0141-0296(97)00019-9.
[3] Wang, Yan-Bo, et al. "Seismic behavior of high strength steel welded beam-column members." Journal of Constructional Steel Research 102 (2014): 245-255. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcsr.2014.07.015.
[4] S.M. Shaw, A.M. Kanvinde, B.V. Fell, Earthquake-induced net section fracture in brace connections-experiments and simulations, J. Constr. Steel Res. 66 (12) (2010) 1492–1501. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcsr.2010.06.002.
[5] Idris, Yakni, and Nico Octavianus. "Structural Behaviour of Steel Building with Diagonal and Chevron Braced CBF (Concentrically Braced Frames) by Pushover Analysis." International Journal on Advanced Science, Engineering and Information Technology 7.2 (2017): 716-722. https://doi.org/10.18517/ijaseit.7.2.2341.
[6] T. Okazaki, D.G. Lignos, T. Hikino, K. Kajiwara, Dynamic response of a chevron concentrically braced frame, J. Struct. Eng. ASCE 139 (4) (2013) 515–525. https://doi.org/10.1061/(asce)st.1943-541x.0000679.
[7] A.D. Sen, C.W. Roeder, J.W. Berman, D.E. Lehman, C.H. Li, A.C. Wu, K.C. Tsai, Experimental Investigation of Chevron Concentrically Braced Frames with Yielding Beams, J. Struct. Eng. ASCE 142 (12) (2016). https://doi.org/10.1061/(asce)st.1943-541x.0001597.
[8] Ryan, Terence, et al. "Recommendations for numerical modelling of concentrically braced steel frames with gusset plate connections subjected to earthquake ground motion." Journal of Structural Integrity and Maintenance 2.3 (2017): 168-180. https://doi.org/10.1080/24705314.2017.1354154.
[9] J. Shen, R.Wen, B. Akbas, Mechanisms in two-story X-braced frames, J. Constr. Steel Res. 106 (2015) 258–277. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcsr.2014.12.014.
[10] AISC, Specification for Structural Steel Buildings, ANSI/AISC 360-10, American Institute of Steel Construction, Chicago, IL, 2010. https://doi.org/10.1201/b11248-8.
[11] AISC, Seismic Provisions for Structural Steel Buildings, ANSI/AISC 341-10, American Institute of Steel Construction, Chicago, IL, 2010. https://doi.org/10.1201/b11248-8.
[12] Eurocode 3, Design of steel structures – part 1-1: general rules and rules for buildings, EN 1993-1:2003, European Standard, Comité Européen de Normalisation, Brussels, 2003. https://doi.org/10.1002/9783433601099.ch5.
[13] Eurocode 8, Design of structures for earthquake resistance - part 1: general rules, seismic actions and rules for buildings, EN 1998-1:2004, European Standard, Comité Européen de Normalisation, Brussels, 2004. https://doi.org/10.3403/03244372.
[14] ASCE, Minimum Design Loads for Buildings and Other Structures, ASCE/SEI-7-10, Structural Engineering Institute of the American Society of Civil Engineers, Reston, VA, 2010. https://doi.org/10.1061/9780784408094.err.
[15] FEMA, State of the art report on systems performance of steel moment frames subject to earthquake ground shaking, FEMA-355C, SAC Joint Venture, Building Seismic Safety Council for the Federal Emergency Management Agency, Washington, DC,2000. https://doi.org/10.1007/springerreference_225387.
[16] FEMA, Quantification of building seismic performance factors, FEMA-P695, Building Seismic Safety Council for the Federal Emergency Management Agency, Washington, DC, 2009. https://doi.org/10.4135/9781452275956.n137.
[17] ABAQUS 2017 [Computer Software], Providence, Simulia, RI: Dassault Systèmes, 2017. https://doi.org/ 10.15199/148.201 7.2.5.
[18] M. D'Aniello, G. La Manna Ambrosino, F. Portioli, R. Landolfo, Modelling aspects of the seismic response of steel concentric braced frames, Steel Compos. Struct. 15 (5) (2013) 539–566. https://doi.org/10.12989/scs.2013.15.5.539.
[19] M. D'Aniello, G. La Manna Ambrosino, F. Portioli, R. Landolfo, The influence of out ofstraightness imperfection in physical theory models of bracingmembers on seismic performance assessment of concentric braced structures, Struct. Design Tall Spec. Build. 24 (3) (2015) 176–197. https://doi.org/10.1002/tal.1160.
[20] G.G. Deierlein, A.M. Reinhord, M.R. Willford, Nonlinear structural analysis for seismic design, A Guide for Practicing Engineers, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD, 2010 (NIST GCR 10-917-5).https://doi.org/10.6028 /nist.ir.6142.
[21] B.V. Fell, Large-scale Testing and Simulation of Earthquake-induced Ultra Low Cycle Fatigue in Bracing Members Subjected to Cyclic Inelastic Buckling(Ph.D. Thesis) Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of California, Davis, CA, 2008. https://doi.org/10.18057/ijasc.2008.4.4.1.
[22] J.F. Hall, Problems encountered from the use (or misuse) of Rayleigh damping, Earthq. Eng. Struct. Dyn. 35 (5) (2006) 525545. https://doi.org/10.1002/eqe.541.
[23] F.A. Charney, Unintended Consequences of Modeling Damping in Structures, J. Struct. Eng. ASCE 134 (4) (2008) 581–592. https://doi.org/10.1061/(asce)0733-9445(2008)134:4(581).
[24] Y.Khademi, M.R., Comparison study of CBF and EBF bracing operation in steel structures. International Journal of Innovative Science, Engineering & Technology, 2016. 3(8): p. 6.
[25] A. Astaneh-Asl, Seismic Behavior and Design of Gusset Plates, Steel TIPS, Structural Steel Education Council, Berkeley, CA, 1998. https://doi.org/10.4203/ccp.47.2.2.
[26] Kazemzadeh Azad, Sina, Cem Topkaya, and Abolhassan Astaneh-Asl. "Seismic Behavior of Concentrically Braced Frames Designed to AISC341 and EC8 Provisions.” Journal of Constructional Steel Research 133 (June 2017): 383–404. doi:10.1016/j.jcsr.2017.02.026.
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